1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 14855-1:2012Determination of the ultimateaerobic biodegradabilityof plastic materials undercontrolled compostingconditions Method byanalysis of evolved carbondioxidePar
2、t 1: General method (ISO 14855-1:2012)BS EN ISO 14855-1:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO14855-1:2012. It supersedes BS EN ISO 14855-1:2007 which iswithdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PRI/2
3、1, Testing of plastics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Pu
4、blished by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 74001 5ICS 13.030.99; 83.080.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2012.Amendments issue
5、d since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 14855-1 December 2012 ICS 83.080.01 Supersedes EN ISO 14855-1:2007English Version Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions - Method
6、by analysis of evolved carbon dioxide - Part 1: General method (ISO 14855-1:2012) valuation de la biodgradabilit arobie ultime des matriaux plastiques dans des conditions contrles de compostage - Mthode par analyse du dioxyde de carbone libr - Partie 1: Mthode gnrale (ISO 14855-1:2012) Bestimmung de
7、r vollstndigen aeroben Bioabbaubarkeit von Kunststoff-Materialien unter den Bedingungen kontrollierter Kompostierung - Verfahren mittels Analyse des freigesetzten Kohlenstoffdioxides - Teil 1: Allgemeines Verfahren (ISO 14855-1:2012) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 November 2012. CE
8、N members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on app
9、lication to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC M
10、anagement Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, La
11、tvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1
12、000 Brussels 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 14855-1:2012: EBS EN ISO 14855-1:2012EN ISO 14855-1:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 14855-1:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61 “P
13、lastics“ in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 249 “Plastics” the secretariat of which is held by NBN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2013, and conflicting nationa
14、l standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN
15、 ISO 14855-1:2007. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Mac
16、edonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 14855-1:2012 has been approved by
17、 CEN as a EN ISO 14855-1:2012 without any modification. BS EN ISO 14855-1:2012ISO 14855-1:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope 12 Normative references . 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle . 25 Test environment . 36 Reagents 36.1 TLC (thin-layer c
18、hromatography) grade cellulose . 36.2 Vermiculite . 37 Apparatus 48 Procedure 58.1 Preparation of the inoculum . 58.2 Preparation of test material and reference material 58.3 Start-up of the test 68.4 Incubation period 68.5 Termination of the test . 78.6 Use of vermiculite . 78.7 Recovery procedure
19、and carbon balance when using vermiculite . 89 Calculation and expression of results . 99.1 Calculation of the theoretical amount of carbon dioxide . 99.2 Calculation of the percentage biodegradation 99.3 Calculation of loss in mass 99.4 Expression of results . 910 Validity of results .1011 Test rep
20、ort .10Annex A (informative) Principle of test system 11Annex B (informative) Examples of graphical representation of carbon dioxide evolution and biodegradation curves .12Annex C (informative) Example of mass loss determination14Annex D (informative) Round-robin testing .16Annex E (informative) Exa
21、mples of forms .17Bibliography .20BS EN ISO 14855-1:2012ISO 14855-1:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO te
22、chnical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates close
23、ly with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft I
24、nternational Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document
25、may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 14855-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-chemical properties.This second edition of ISO 14855-1 cancels and replaces the first
26、edition (ISO 14855-1:2005), of which it constitutes a minor revision intended principally to clarify the wording of the fourth paragraph in Subclause 8.1. In addition, the footnote to 6.2 concerning a possible supplier of “concrete” type vermiculite has been deleted as it appeared to be no longer va
27、lid.This second edition also cancels and replaces the Technical Corrigendum ISO 14855-1:2005/Cor.1:2009.ISO 14855 consists of the following parts, under the general title Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions Method by anal
28、ysis of evolved carbon dioxide: Part 1: General method Part 2: Gravimetric measurement of carbon dioxide evolved in a laboratory-scale testiv ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS EN ISO 14855-1:2012ISO 14855-1:2012(E)IntroductionThe main method specified in this part of ISO 14855 uses a solid-phase respir
29、ometric test system based on mature compost used as a solid bed, a source of nutrients, and an inoculum rich in thermophilic microorganisms. Mature compost is a very heterogeneous and complex material. Therefore, it can be difficult to quantify the residual polymeric material left in the bed at the
30、end of the test, to detect possible low-molecular-mass molecules released into the solid bed by the polymeric material during degradation, and to assess the biomass. As a result, it can be difficult to perform a complete carbon balance. Another difficulty which is sometimes encountered with mature c
31、ompost is a “priming effect”: the organic matter present in large amounts in the mature compost can undergo polymer-induced degradation, known as the “priming effect”, which affects the measurement of the biodegradability.To overcome these difficulties and to improve the reliability of the method, t
32、he mature compost can be replaced by a solid mineral medium which is used as the composting bed, thus facilitating analyses. This variant can be used to measure the biodegradation in terms of CO2evolution, to quantify and analyse the biomass and the residues of polymeric material left in the solid b
33、ed at the end of the test, and to perform a complete carbon balance. Furthermore, the method is not significantly affected by the priming effect and can, therefore, be used to assess materials known to cause this problem with mature compost. The mineral bed can also be subjected to an ecotoxicologic
34、al analysis to verify the absence of any ecotoxic activity in the bed after biodegradation. ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS EN ISO 14855-1:2012BS EN ISO 14855-1:2012Determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions Method by analysis
35、of evolved carbon dioxide Part 1: General methodWARNING Sewage, activated sludge, soil and compost may contain potentially pathogenic organisms. Therefore appropriate precautions should be taken when handling them. Toxic test compounds and those whose properties are unknown should be handled with ca
36、re.1 ScopeThis part of ISO 14855 specifies a method for the determination of the ultimate aerobic biodegradability of plastics, based on organic compounds, under controlled composting conditions by measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide evolved and the degree of disintegration of the plastic at
37、 the end of the test. This method is designed to simulate typical aerobic composting conditions for the organic fraction of solid mixed municipal waste. The test material is exposed to an inoculum which is derived from compost. The composting takes place in an environment wherein temperature, aerati
38、on and humidity are closely monitored and controlled. The test method is designed to yield the percentage conversion of the carbon in the test material to evolved carbon dioxide as well as the rate of conversion.Subclauses 8.6 and 8.7 specify a variant of the method, using a mineral bed (vermiculite
39、) inoculated with thermophilic microorganisms obtained from compost with a specific activation phase, instead of mature compost. This variant is designed to yield the percentage of carbon in the test substance converted to carbon dioxide and the rate of conversion.The conditions described in this pa
40、rt of ISO 14855 may not always correspond to the optimum conditions for the maximum degree of biodegradation to occur.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated ref
41、erences, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 5663, Water quality Determination of Kjeldahl nitrogen Method after mineralization with seleniumISO 8245, Water quality Guidelines for the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic c
42、arbon (DOC)3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1ultimate aerobic biodegradationbreakdown of an organic compound by microorganisms in the presence of oxygen into carbon dioxide, water and mineral salts of any other elements present (mi
43、neralization) plus new biomassINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14855-1:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS EN ISO 14855-1:2012ISO 14855-1:2012(E)3.2compostingaerobic process designed to produce compostNOTE Compost is an organic soil conditioner obtained by biodegradation of a mixture consisting princ
44、ipally of vegetable residues, occasionally with other organic material, and having a limited mineral content.3.3disintegrationphysical breakdown of a material into very small fragments3.4total dry solidsamount of solids obtained by taking a known volume of test material or compost and drying at abou
45、t 105 C to constant mass3.5volatile solidsamount of solids obtained by subtracting the residue of a known volume of test material or compost after incineration at about 550 C from the total dry solids of the same sampleNOTE The volatile-solids content is an indication of the amount of organic matter
46、 present.3.6theoretical amount of evolved carbon dioxideThCO2maximum theoretical amount of carbon dioxide evolved after completely oxidizing a chemical compound, calculated from the molecular formula and expressed as milligrams of carbon dioxide evolved per milligram or gram of test compound3.7lag p
47、hasetime, measured in days, from the start of a test until adaptation and/or selection of the degrading microorganisms is achieved and the degree of biodegradation of a chemical compound or organic matter has increased to about 10 % of the maximum level of biodegradation3.8maximum level of biodegrad
48、ationdegree of biodegradation, measured in per cent, of a chemical compound or organic matter in a test, above which no further biodegradation takes place during the test3.9biodegradation phasetime, measured in days, from the end of the lag phase of a test until about 90 % of the maximum level of bi
49、odegradation has been reached3.10plateau phasetime, measured in days, from the end of the biodegradation phase until the end of a test3.11activated vermiculitevermiculite colonized by an active microbial population during a preliminary growth phase4 PrincipleThe test method determines the ultimate biodegradability and degree of disintegration of test material under conditions simulating an intensive aerobic composting process. The inoculum used consists of stabilized, mature compost derived, if possible, from composting the organic frac
