1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 17131:2012Leather Identification of leather with microscopy (ISO 17131:2012)BS EN ISO 17131:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implem
2、entation of EN ISO 17131:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e T C I / 6 9 , F o o t w e a r , l e a t h e r a n d c o a t e d f a b r i c s .A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.
3、This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 75480 7 ICS 59.140.30 Compliance with a British Standard cannot conf
4、er immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 17131 August 2012 ICS 59
5、.140.30 English Version Leather - Identification of leather with microscopy (ISO 17131:2012) Cuir - Identification du cuir par microscopie (ISO 17131:2012) Leder - Identifikation von Leder mittels Mikroskopie (ISO 17131:2012) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 August 2012. CEN members
6、are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application t
7、o the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
8、Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lith
9、uania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brusse
10、ls 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 17131:2012: EBS EN ISO 17131:2012EN ISO 17131:2012 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN ISO 17131:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 289 “Leather“, the secr
11、etariat of which is held by UNI, in collaboration with the International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2013, and c
12、onflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Accor
13、ding to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,
14、 Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. BS EN ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E)IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiC
15、ontents Page Foreword . . ivIntroduction . v1 Scope . . 12 Normative references . . 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle . 15 Apparatus and materials. 16 Procedure . 27 Test report . . 2Annex A (normative) Scanning electron microscope cross-section photographs . . 3Annex B (normative) Light micro
16、scope cross-section photographs . 8Bibliography . . 11BS EN ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) iv ISO 2012 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of p
17、reparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental,
18、in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main ta
19、sk of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attenti
20、on is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 17131 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 289, L
21、eather, in collaboration with the Physical Tests Commission of the International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies (IUP Commission, IULTCS) in accordance with the agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement). IULTCS, originally formed in 1897, is a wo
22、rld-wide organization of professional leather societies to further the advancement of leather science and technology. IULTCS has three Commissions, which are responsible for establishing international methods for sampling and the testing of leather. ISO recognizes IULTCS as an international standard
23、izing body for the preparation of test methods for leather. BS EN ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved vIntroduction The identification of leather is best made by operators experienced in material identification using microscopy, which is the preferred m
24、ethod. With other methods, such as chemical analysis, it can be difficult to absolutely determine that the material is leather. BS EN ISO 17131:2012BS EN ISO 17131:2012INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17131:2012(E)IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1Leather Identification of leather with m
25、icroscopy 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method using microscopy to identify leather and distinguish it from other materials. The method is not applicable for identifying specific leathers (e.g. sheep leather). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensa
26、ble for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15987, Leather Terminology Key definitions for the leather trade 3 Terms and definitions For th
27、e purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15987 apply. 4 Principle A cross-section of the material is cut perpendicular to the surface. The material structure is compared with typical pictures or known samples by means of microscopy. The method should be carried out by opera
28、tors experienced in material identification by microscopy. 5 Apparatus and materials 5.1 Light microscope or scanning electron microscope, capable of giving a normal magnification of at least 20. NOTE For some materials it is necessary to use a microscope with a magnification of 500. 5.2 Razor blade
29、, capable of cutting a clean cross-section in leather. 5.3 Coating unit, sputter or evaporation, including a suitable element or alloy (e.g. gold) for coating, if a scanning electron microscope is used. 5.4 Specimen stubs, suitable for a scanning electron microscope, if used. 5.5 Reference materials
30、, with known designation. BS EN ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved6 Procedure 6.1 From the material being tested, cut two test pieces approximately 10 mm 10 mm using a suitable cutting device and then section each of the test pieces in accordance wit
31、h 6.2. 6.2 Place the cutting edge of the razor blade (5.2) with the blade perpendicular to the surface and press the blade through the whole thickness of the test piece, ensuring that the blade remains vertical and the section is cleanly cut. If the test piece is considered to be leather, make the c
32、ut with the flesh or inner side uppermost. NOTE It is useful to prepare the second test piece section perpendicular to the first. 6.3 When using a scanning electron microscope, ensure that the prepared section adheres to a specimen stub (5.4) with the cut surface uppermost. Coat the stub and section
33、 in the coating unit (5.3) so that good image quality can be obtained. 6.4 Place the sections under the microscope and compare the material structure with the typical pictures presented in Annex A (scanning electron microscope photos) and/or Annex B (light microscope photos) or with known reference
34、materials (5.5). Use a suitable magnification to distinguish the typical fibre structure of leather from other materials. Consider the appropriate terms for leather defined in EN 15987. For the absolute identification of leather it is necessary to identify the more or less intact original fibrous st
35、ructure. 6.5 If necessary, determine the surface coating thickness and the total thickness in accordance with ISO 17186. 6.6 Define the designation of the material considering the results of 6.4 and 6.5 and the leather terms defined in EN 15987. 7 Test report The test report shall include the follow
36、ing: a) reference to this document (i.e. ISO 17131); b) type and origin of the analysed material sample; c) designation of the material (see 6.6) as leather or another material; d) if necessary, the thickness of the coating layer and total thickness in accordance with ISO 17186; e) if requested, pho
37、tographs of the sections; f) any deviations from the procedure; g) any additional information important for the designation; h) the date of the test. BS EN ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3Annex A (normative) Scanning electron microscope cross-secti
38、on photographs Figure A.1 Typical section of bovine leather withsurface coating of less than 150 m Figure A.2 Typical section of sheep leather BS EN ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) 4 ISO 2012 All rights reservedFigure A.3 Typical section of goat skin leather Figure A.4 Typical
39、section of pig skin leather Figure A.5 Typical section of coated bovine split leather BS EN ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 5a) Moderate magnification b) High magnification Figure A.6 Typical section of bovine suede leather a) Section of a microfibr
40、e material with moderate magnification b) Section of a microfibre material with high magnification Figure A.7 Typical section of a microfibre material BS EN ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) 6 ISO 2012 All rights reservedFigure A.8 Typical section of a synthetic material with a P
41、VC coating Figure A.9 Typical section of a synthetic material with a polyurethane coating a) Section of a leather fibre board material with moderate magnification b) Section of a leather fibre board material with high magnification Figure A.10 Typical section of a leather fibre board material BS EN
42、ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 7Figure A.11 Section of textile material coated with leather fibres Figure A.12 Synthetic material with leather fibres on back BS EN ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) 8 ISO 2012 All rights reserved
43、Annex B (normative) Light microscope cross-section photographs Figure B.1 Typical section of bovine leather with surface coating of less than 150 m Figure B.2 Typical section of sheep leather Figure B.3 Typical section of goat skin leather Figure B.4 Typical section of pig skin leather BS EN ISO 171
44、31:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 9Figure B.5 Typical section of coated bovine split leather Figure B.6 Typical section of bovine suede leather Figure B.7 Typical section of microfibre material Figure B.8 Typical section of synthetic material with PVC coatin
45、g BS EN ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) 10 ISO 2012 All rights reservedFigure B.9 Typical section of synthetic material with a polyurethane coating Figure B.10 Typical section of leather fibre board material Figure B.11 Section of textile material coated with leather fibres Fig
46、ure B.12 Synthetic material with leather fibres on back BS EN ISO 17131:2012ISO 17131:2012(E) IULTCS/IUP 56:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 11Bibliography 1 ISO 17186, Leather Physical and mechanical tests Determination of surface coating thickness This page deliberately left blankThis page del
47、iberately left blankBSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards and other standards-related publications, information and services. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. BSI is incorporated by Royal Charter. British Standa
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