1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS EN ISO 17402:2011Soil quality Requirementsand guidance for the selectionand application of methodsfor the assessment ofbioavailability of contaminantsin soil and soil material
2、s (ISO17402:2008)BS EN ISO 17402:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of EN ISO17402:2011. It is identical to ISO 17402:2008.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/4, Soil quality.A list of organizations represen
3、ted on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 73156 3ICS 13.080.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immun
4、ity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedEUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPENNE EUROPISCHE NORM EN ISO 17402 June 2011 ICS 13.080.01 English Version
5、Soil quality - Requirements and guidance for the selection and application of methods for the assessment of bioavailability of contaminants in soil and soil materials (ISO 17402:2008) Qualit du sol - Lignes directrices pour la slection et lapplication des mthodes dvaluation de la biodisponibilit des
6、 contaminants dans le sol et les matriaux du sol (ISO 17402:2008) Bodenbeschaffenheit - Anleitung zur Auswahl und Anwendung von Verfahren fr die Bewertung der Bioverfgbarkeit von Kontaminanten im Boden und in Bodenmaterialien (ISO 17402:2008) This European Standard was approved by CEN on 10 June 201
7、1. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained o
8、n application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENE
9、LEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta
10、, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels 2011 CEN All rights of exploi
11、tation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN ISO 17402:2011: EBS EN ISO 17402:2011EN ISO 17402:2011 (E) 3 Foreword The text of ISO 17402:2008 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 “Soil quality” of the International Organization for Stand
12、ardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 17402:2011 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 345 “Characterization of soils” the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement,
13、at the latest by December 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN and/or CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying
14、 any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, G
15、reece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice The text of ISO 17402:2008 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 17402:2011 without
16、any modification. BS EN ISO 17402:2011ISO 17402:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword .v Introductionvi 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definitions .2 4 Bioavailability in relation to assessment of soil function.6 4.1 Soil functions and organisms to protect 6 4.
17、2 Risk assessment .6 4.3 Protection goals 7 5 Concepts of bioavailability.8 5.1 Definitions 8 5.2 Links between bioavailability and biological effects and/or bioaccumulation.10 6 Description of methods to assess bioavailability11 6.1 General .11 6.2 Assessment of bioavailability using chemical test
18、methods .12 6.3 Assessment of bioavailability using ecotoxicological test methods 13 7 Pathways related to soil quality (both organism and soil)14 7.1 General .14 7.2 Human.14 7.2.1 General .14 7.2.2 Soil ingestion .14 7.2.3 Dermal contact.15 7.2.4 Inhalation of soil 15 7.2.5 Groundwater used for dr
19、inking water .15 7.3 Exposure of higher animals .15 7.4 Exposure of soil organisms .15 7.4.1 General .15 7.4.2 Exposure of soil micro-organisms 15 7.4.3 Exposure of soil invertebrates (micro-, meso- and macro-fauna) .16 7.5 Exposure of plants 16 8 Available methods to measure bioavailability .17 8.1
20、 General .17 8.2 Chemical methods to measure environmental availability.17 8.2.1 General .17 8.2.2 Methods for soil ingestion18 8.2.3 Methods for dermal uptake.19 8.2.4 Methods for plants 19 8.2.5 Methods for leaching from the solid phase to the soil solution.19 8.2.6 Methods for biodegradation.20 8
21、.2.7 Methods for soil organisms20 8.2.8 Available and promising chemical methods to measure bioavailability .20 8.3 Ecotoxicological test methods to measure bioavailability .22 9 Requirements.25 9.1 General .25 9.2 Requirements for selection and application.25 9.2.1 Requirements for selection 25 9.2
22、.2 Requirements for application.26 BS EN ISO 17402:2011ISO 17402:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights reserved9.3 Requirements for development27 Annex A (informative) Bioavailability in relation to biodegradability 29 Annex B (informative) International Standards for the determination of the toxicity of c
23、hemicals on sediment organisms (laboratory tests)30 Bibliography 31 BS EN ISO 17402:2011ISO 17402:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing
24、International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaiso
25、n with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of tec
26、hnical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is dra
27、wn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 17402 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site assessment.
28、BS EN ISO 17402:2011ISO 17402:2008(E) vi ISO 2008 All rights reservedIntroduction Laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that biological effects are not related to the total concentration of a contaminant in the soil. Instead, an organism responds only to the fraction that is biologically av
29、ailable (bioavailable) for that organism. This is particularly true in soils that undergo interaction of contaminant molecules with the soil, in such a way that the contaminant is not attainable anymore by the organism or is present in a non-available form (sometimes referred to as sequestration or
30、irreversible sorption). The bioavailable fractions of contaminants are dependent on soil properties and various processes varying with time and on the biological receptors. The conservative approach of exposure assessment, as typically described in a regulatory context, assumes that the total concen
31、tration of a contaminant present in a soil or soil material is available for uptake by organisms, including man, and as such will overestimate the risks. Therefore, a risk assessment can be optimised by using an approach that is based on estimated exposure representing the available, effective conce
32、ntration of the contaminant(s) and on (existing) intrinsic toxicity data. This assumption is not new as, already in the last half of the nineteenth century, agronomists and soil scientists began to search for chemical methods to determine the concentration of individual plant-available nutrients in
33、agricultural soils. The impetus for this search was the need for recommended nutrient additions to achieve maximum crop yield. Mulder 1stated already in 1860: “The unnecessary full analysis of soil to learn if it is fertile or not cannot be argued enough. The long and short of it is availability, wh
34、ich cannot be derived beforehand. The analysis shows what there is, agriculture must draw its own conclusions from that.” Chemical methods were devised to reasonably predict the availability of inorganic ions necessary for plant development. Chemical partial extraction methods are now commonly used
35、to evaluate available levels of nutrients in soils. Extraction methods have been optimised by correlating extraction results with response of susceptible crop species to the addition of fertilisers. The concept of availability is nowadays applied to the risk assessment of contaminants and can be tai
36、lored to the specific protection goals. Depending on the intended use of a soil or soil material, soil characterisation for different purposes (e.g. assessment of habitat and retention functions, risk assessment and compliance with regulatory values) may include chemical testing and ecotoxicological
37、 testing with selected representative test organisms. These tests will, in many cases, be soil- or site-specific at a given point in time, and cannot be extrapolated to other soils or points in time where other factors may control bioavailability. Bioavailability may be assessed in two complementary
38、 ways (see also Figure 1): Chemical methods (e.g. extraction methods) which determine the fraction of a well-defined class of contaminants available for defined specific biotic receptors or the mobility of the contaminants in the soil. Usually these chemical methods were developed to predict the amo
39、unt of contaminants taken up by the organisms. Nevertheless, these analytically determined values can also be correlated with effects. In a routine assessment of soil quality, chemical measurements may replace biological testing, if a correlation between the resulting chemical values and effect or a
40、ccumulation has been demonstrated. Biological methods which expose organisms to soil or soil eluates in order to monitor effects. If accumulation and/or effects (e.g. mortality, growth inhibition) are encountered, bioavailable contaminants are likely to be present even if they cannot be chemically i
41、dentified. More knowledge on processes controlling bioavailability can close the still existing gap between chemical measurements and biological effects. BS EN ISO 17402:2011ISO 17402:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved viiFigure 1 Methods to assess bioavailability Relation between chemical and bio
42、logical assays and bioaccumulation Under regulatory aspects of soil protection, the risk assessment should be based upon the same common concept with regard to determination/assessment of exposure and measurement/assessment of effects. Thus, existing concepts and derived trigger values based on tota
43、l concentrations of pollutants in soils or soil materials can be transferred to the proposed concept based on the prediction of the bioavailable fraction by using the more accurate description of exposure. For instance, the translation of information on bioavailability into acceptable evaluations of
44、 “how clean is clean” (e.g. site-specific limits for regulating the extent to which the remediation of soil is required) is essential for establishing realistic risk assessments and the determination of proper endpoints for remediation. A harmonised framework on bioavailability is considered in orde
45、r to promote the development and introduction of workable standard methods to be used in soil and site assessment. In addition, methods for the estimation of bioavailable effective concentrations of contaminants according to the protection goals envisaged are required. These methods should preferabl
46、y be described in International Standards and that standardization process should result in a limited set of established methods for the measurement of bioavailability 2. As described in this International Standard, this process will not lead to one single method to measure bioavailability, because
47、bioavailability depends on variables such as the contaminant, the target and the actual soil properties. Therefore, methods should not only use the word bioavailability but also refer to these variables (bioavailable for). In this International Standard, requirements and guidance are given to select
48、 methods to assess bioavailability for different target species with regard to several classes of contaminants. Methods to assess bioavailability are not described in this International Standard. Reference is made to existing International Standards and additional principles of measurement, which ma
49、y need to be worked out in these International Standards. As only a few standards exist, reference is also made to measuring principles. Guidance is also provided for further standardization of a method where promising first results are reported. After a short description of methods (Clause 6), the pathways of a contaminant to the target organism are discussed (Clause 7). A summary of existing methods and promising methods that should be further developed is given in Clause 8. Clause 9 gives recommendations and includes the minimal requir
