1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationNuclear instrumentation Photomultiplier tubes for scintillation counting Test proceduresBS IEC 60462:2010National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of IEC 60
2、462:2010.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical CommitteeNCE/2, Radiation protection and measurement.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
3、of acontract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2010ISBN 978 0 580 61287 9ICS 17.240; 27.120.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the StandardsPolicy and Strategy Committee on
4、 30 September 2010.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS IEC 60462:2010IEC 60462Edition 2.0 2010-07INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Nuclear instrumentation Photomultiplier tubes for scintillation counting Test procedures INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION TICS
5、 27.120 PRICE CODEISBN 978-2-88912-041-3 Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission 2 60462 IEC:2010(E) CONTENTS FOREWORD.3 1 Scope and object5 2 Normative references .5 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations5 3.1 Terms and definitions 5 3.2 Symbols and abbreviati
6、ons7 3.2.1 Symbols 7 3.2.2 Abbreviations 8 4 Test conditions .8 5 Test procedures for photomultiplier characteristics .9 5.1 General .9 5.2 Pulse height characteristics.9 5.2.1 General .9 5.2.2 Pulse height resolution measurement 9 5.2.3 Pulse height linearity measurement .12 5.2.4 Pulse height stab
7、ility measurement .13 5.3 Test procedure for determination of dark current .15 5.4 Test procedure for time characteristics15 5.4.1 General .15 5.4.2 Photomultiplier rise time measurements 15 5.4.3 Fall time measurements 16 5.4.4 Single photo-electron rise time measurements 16 5.4.5 Transit time spre
8、ad measurements 17 Annex A (informative) Light sources.20 Annex B (informative) Definition of the PMT spectrometric constant.22 Bibliography23 Figure 1 Pulse height distribution.10 Figure 2 Two-pulse method12 Figure 3 Definition of rise, fall time and electron transit time 15 Figure 4 Determination
9、of single photo-electron rise time.17 Figure 5 Transit time spread 19 Figure A.1 Light-emitting diode circuitry .20 BS IEC 60462:201060462 IEC:2010(E) 3 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES FOR SCINTILLATION COUNTING TEST PROCEDURES FOREWORD 1) Th
10、e International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical an
11、d electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical co
12、mmittees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization
13、for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committ
14、ee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is a
15、ccurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and reg
16、ional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, i
17、n some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or age
18、nts including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of,
19、 or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this publication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some
20、of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 60462 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 45: Nuclear instrumentation. This second edition cancels and rep
21、laces the first edition published in 1974 and constitutes a technical revision. The main technical changes with regard to the previous edition are as follows: to review the existing requirements and to update the terminology, definitions and normative references. The text of this standard is based o
22、n the following documents: FDIS Report on voting 45/706/FDIS 45/711/RVD Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table. BS IEC 60462:2010 4 60462 IEC:2010(E) This publication has been drafted in accordance with the I
23、SO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, wi
24、thdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended. A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date. BS IEC 60462:201060462 IEC:2010(E) 5 NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES FOR SCINTILLATION COUNTING TEST PROCEDURES 1 Scope and object This International Standard esta
25、blishes test procedures for photomultiplier tubes (PMT) for scintillation and Cherenkov detectors. This standard is applicable to photomultiplier tubes for scintillation and Cherenkov detectors. Photomultiplier tubes are extensively used in scintillation and Cherenkov counting, both in the detection
26、 and analysis of ionizing radiation and for other applications. For such uses, various characteristics are of particular importance and require additional tests to those conducted to measure the general characteristics of PMT. This has made desirable the establishment of standard test procedures so
27、that measurements of these specific characteristics may have the same significance to all manufacturers and users. The tests described in this standard for PMT to be used in scintillation detectors are supplementary to those tests described in IEC 60306-4, which covers the basic characteristics comm
28、only requiring specification for photomultiplier tubes. This recommendation is not intended to imply that all tests and procedures described herein are mandatory for every application, but only that those tests carried out on PMT for scintillation and Cherenkov detectors should be performed in accor
29、dance with the procedures given in this standard. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including a
30、ny amendments) applies. IEC 60306-4, Measurement of photosensitive devices Part 4: Methods of measurement for photomultipliers 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 photomultiplier
31、 tube multiplier phototube PMT (abbreviation) vacuum tube consisting of a photocathode and an electron multiplier intended to convert light into an electric signal IEC 60050-394:2007, 394-30-12 BS IEC 60462:2010 6 60462 IEC:2010(E) 3.1.2 Cherenkov detector radiation detector designed to detect relat
32、ivistic particles, using a medium in which the Cherenkov effect is produced NOTE The medium is optically coupled to a photosensitive device, either directly or through light guides. IEC 60050-394:2007, 394-29-17 3.1.3 scintillation detector radiation detector consisting of a scintillator that is usu
33、ally optically coupled to a photosensitive device, either directly or through light guides NOTE The scintillator consists of a scintillating material in which the ionizing particle produces a burst of luminescence radiation along its path. IEC 60050-394:2007, 394-27-01 3.1.4 light guide optical devi
34、ce designed to transmit light without significant loss NOTE It may be placed between a scintillator and a photomultiplier tube. IEC 60050-394:2007, 394-30-15 3.1.5 dark current (of a photomultiplier tube) electric current flowing from the anode circuit in the absence of light on the photocathode IEC
35、 60050-394:2007, 394-38-14 3.1.6 gain (of a photomultiplier tube) ratio of the anode output current to the current emitted by the photocathode at stated electrode voltages IEC 60050-394:2007, 394-38-15 3.1.7 collection efficiency (of a photomultiplier tube) ratio of the number of measurable electron
36、s reaching the first dynode to the number of electrons emitted by the photocathode IEC 60050-394:2007, 394-38-16 3.1.8 light sensitivity (of a photomultiplier) ratio of a photomultiplier cathode current by the corresponding incident light flux of a given wavelength IEC 60050-394:2007, 394-38-62 3.1.
37、9 spectral sensitivity (of a photomultiplier) light sensitivity as a function of wavelength IEC 60050-394:2007, 394-38-63 BS IEC 60462:201060462 IEC:2010(E) 7 3.1.10 light sensitivity non-uniformity (of a photomultiplier) variation of the light sensitivity over the photocathode surface IEC 60050-394
38、:2007, 394-38-64 3.1.11 transit time (in a photomultiplier tube) time interval between the emission of a photo-electron and the occurrence of a stated point on the output current pulse due to that electron IEC 60050-394:2007, 394-38-12 NOTE For example, peak maximum. 3.1.12 transit time jitter (in a
39、 photomultiplier tube) variation in the transit times corresponding to different photoelectrons IEC 60050-394:2007, 394-38-13 3.2 Symbols and abbreviations 3.2.1 Symbols A photomultiplier tube spectrometric constant; Cpho light output of the working standard in photon/MeV; H pulse height or peakposi
40、tion without filter; H pulse height or peak position with filter; k absorption factor of the filter; n total number of readings; P P is the pulse height corresponding to the peak-value of the distribution; P mean pulse height averaged over n readings; Pipulse height at the ithreading; Pmaxmaximum pu
41、lse height, recorded during the 16 h test interval; Pminminimum pulse height; recorded during the 16 h test interval; PTpulse height at temperature T; PNpulse height at temperature T = 20oC; PUPpulse height when PMT stands upright;PNSpulse height when PMT lies along north-south direction; R pulse he
42、ight resolution (PHR); Raenergy resolution of the scintillation detector; Rd intrinsic resolution of the measured housed scintillator; Ret intrinsic resolution of the working standard; t observed time; tr photomultiplier rise time; tsrise time of the source pulse; tscp oscilloscope rise time; X puls
43、e height linearity; V value of pulse height corresponding to total absorption peak maximum of the measured housed scintillator; BS IEC 60462:2010 8 60462 IEC:2010(E) mean pulse height deviation; maxmaximum pulse height deviation, in percent;P full-width at half-maximum (FWHM); Tpulse height shift, i
44、n percent; -metaldeviation of pulse-heights. 3.2.2 Abbreviations CFTD constant fraction timing discriminator; FWHM full-width at half-maximum; LED light emitting diode; MCA multichannel analyzer; PHD pulse height distribution; PHR pulse height resolution; PMT photomultiplier tube; s1counts per secon
45、d; SPEPHR single photo-electron pulse height resolution; SPERT single photo-electron rise time; TAC time-to-amplitude converter: TTS transit-time spread. 4 Test conditions Test conditions for photomultipliers are specified in terms of environmental conditions that shall be met to enable accurate mea
46、surements of the photomultiplier parameters discussed in this standard. Power supplies should be stabilized and, in particular, high-voltage power supplies should have regulations of 0,01 % or better, and ripple and noise should be not more than 10 mVpp. The test enclosure shall be free of detectabl
47、e light leaks. This can be verified by half-hour photon counting periods, with and without bright ambient light incident on the enclosure. The PMT should be stored in darkness for 1 h prior to measurement to avoid phosphorescence effects. Cleanliness of the PMT glass and sockets is essential in prev
48、enting external noise effects. Any material near the photocathode should be at photocathode potential to prevent electro-luminescence of the envelope and electrolysis or charge accumulation of the glass. To obtain the best conditions for reproducibility of tests, it is recommended that where feasibl
49、e, a shield connected to cathode potential, be placed around and in contact with the glass envelope of the photomultiplier. The PMT should be degaussed before using, and a magnetic shield should be employed. Note that even the earths magnetic field is of sufficient strength to influence measurements. Tube temperature should preferably be maintained constant at 2 C within the limits from 19 C to 25 C. This is important in instances w
