1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 10878:2013Non-destructive testing Infrared thermography VocabularyBS ISO 10878:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 10878:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee WEE/46, No
2、n-destructive testing.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Pub
3、lished by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 64464 1ICS 01.040.19; 19.100Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2013.Amendments issued si
4、nce publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 10878:2013Reference numberISO 10878:2013(E)ISO 2013INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO10878First edition2013-11-01Non-destructive testing Infrared thermography Vocabulary Essais non destructifs Thermographie infrarouge Vocabulaire BS ISO 10878:2013ISO 10878:2013(E) PDF
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8、 PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013 The reproduction of the terms and definitions contained in this International Standard is permitted in teaching manuals, instruction booklets, technical publications and journals for strictly educational or implementation purposes. The conditions for such reproduction ar
9、e: that no modifications are made to the terms and definitions; that such reproduction is not permitted for dictionaries or similar publications offered for sale; and that this International Standard is referenced as the source document. With the sole exceptions noted above, no other part of this pu
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11、neva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 10878:2013ISO 10878:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction . v Scope . 1 1 Terms and definitions . 1 Bib
12、liography 26 Alphabetical index 27 BS ISO 10878:2013ISO 10878:2013(E) iv ISO 2013 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
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18、e Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 8, Infrared thermography for non-destructive testing. BS ISO 10878:2013ISO 10878:2013(E) ISO 2013 All ri
19、ghts reserved vIntroduction This International Standard is a compilation of terms and definitions to provide a precise understanding or interpretation of infrared thermography and thermal/infrared non-destructive testing. These serve to secure the foundation of infrared thermography technology growt
20、h within the academic and industrial communities. BS ISO 10878:2013BS ISO 10878:2013INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10878:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1Non-destructive testing Infrared thermography Vocabulary Scope This International Standard defines terms used in infrared thermography for non-de
21、structive testing and forms a common basis for standard general use. 1 Terms and definitions 1.1 absorptivity absorptance absorptance coefficient proportion (as a fraction of 1) of the radiant energy impinging on a materials surface that is absorbed by the material NOTE 1 Absorptivity is dimensionle
22、ss. NOTE 2 For a blackbody, this is unity (1,0). Technically, absorptivity is the internal absorptance per path length. In thermography, the two terms, absorptivity and absorptance, are often used interchangeably. NOTE 3 Absorptance is the ratio between the radiation energy absorbed by a body and th
23、e total radiation incident on the body. NOTE 4 Absorptivity can vary with wavelength and be quoted for a specified band width or a specific wavelength. See 1.136, Spectral absorption coefficient. 1.2 active thermography infrared thermographic examination of materials and objects which requires addit
24、ional thermal stimulation NOTE The thermal stimulation can be optical, sonic (ultrasonic), inductive, microwave or use any other form of energy. 1.3 ambient operating range range of ambient temperatures over which an instrument is designed to operate within reported performance specifications 1.4 am
25、bient temperature temperature of the air in the vicinity of a test object (target) NOTE “Ambient temperature” is not to be confused with “reflected ambient temperature”, which is a term often used to mean “reflected apparent temperature”. 1.5 ambient temperature compensation correction built into in
26、frared instruments to provide automatic compensation of temperature readings affected by the ambient temperature BS ISO 10878:2013ISO 10878:2013(E) 2 ISO 2013 All rights reserved1.6 angular subtense angular diameter of an optical system or subsystem NOTE 1 Angular subtense is expressed in angular de
27、grees or milliradians. NOTE 2 In infrared thermography, the angle over which a sensing instrument collects radiant energy. 1.7 anomalous thermal image observed thermal pattern of a structure that is not in accordance with the expected (reference) thermal pattern 1.8 anomaly irregularity or abnormali
28、ty in a system EXAMPLE An irregularity, such as an anomalous thermal pattern or any indication that deviates from what is normally expected in the absence of any anomaly. 1.9 anti-reflectance coating coating of infrared optical elements (lenses, windows) used to increase the sensitivity of a specifi
29、ed wavelength range through minimization or suppression of reflections causing signal loss 1.10 apparent temperature uncompensated reading from an infrared thermography camera containing all radiation incident on the detector, regardless of its source ISO 18434-1:20086, 3.1 1.11 area effect change i
30、n infrared radiometer output depending on the area of the measuring target 1.12 artefact 1 product of artificial character due to an extraneous agency 2 error caused by an uncompensated anomaly EXAMPLE In thermography, an emissivity artefact simulates apparent variation of surface temperature. 1.13
31、atmospheric absorption absorption of specific wavelengths of solar radiation, due largely to moisture, atmospheric gases and pollutants 1.14 atmospheric temperature temperature of the atmosphere between the infrared camera and the object 1.15 atmospheric window infrared any spectral interval within
32、the infrared spectrum in which the atmosphere transmits radiant energy well (atmospheric absorption is minimal) EXAMPLE Atmospheric windows are roughly defined to lie in the wavelength ranges: a) 0,78 m to 2,0 m in the near infrared (NIR); b) 2,0 m to 5,5 m in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR); c) 7,5 m
33、to 14,0 m in the long-wave infrared (LWIR). BS ISO 10878:2013ISO 10878:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 31.16 attenuating medium material or other medium that attenuates infrared radiation emitted from a source EXAMPLE Attenuating media include windows, filters, atmospheres, external optics. 1.1
34、7 blackbody ideal perfect emitter and absorber of thermal radiation at all wavelengths NOTE A blackbody is described by Plancks law. In its classical form, Plancks law describes the spectral distribution of the radiant energy emitted by a blackbody. 1.17.1 blackbody equivalent temperature apparent t
35、emperature of a test object that is equal to the temperature of a blackbody emitting the same amount of radiant energy 1.17.2 blackbody radiator radiator with the effective emissivity close to unity ( 0,98 across all relevant wavelengths) 1.17.3 blackbody reference calibrated, traceable device used
36、to check the calibration of infrared imaging radiometers or infrared thermometers 1.17.4 blackbody simulator device whose radiation is close to that of a blackbody at the same temperature EXAMPLE A cavity or a flat plate with a structured or coated surface characterized by a stable and uniform tempe
37、rature and with emissivity close to 1. 1.18 centre wavelength wavelength in the middle of the spectral sensitivity band of an infrared detector 1.19 cooled sensor sensor that needs cooling to improve sensitivity to infrared radiant energy by reducing thermal noise influence 1.20 detecting element se
38、nsitive part of a detector which is directly affected by the quantity to be measured EXAMPLE For temperature-sensing devices: a thermocouple junction; resistive element; photoelectric, pyroelectric or quantum sensor. 1.21 differential blackbody device for establishing two parallel isothermal planar
39、zones of different temperatures and with effective emissivities close to 1,0 1.22 diffraction limit limit of geometric diffraction of optical systems BS ISO 10878:2013ISO 10878:2013(E) 4 ISO 2013 All rights reserved1.23 diffuse reflector lambertian reflector surface that reflects incident radiation
40、equally in all directions NOTE 1 A lambertian diffuser is a surface that reflects a portion of the incident radiation in such a manner that the reflected radiation is equal in all directions, such as a gold perfect sphere. NOTE 2 A mirror is not a diffuse reflector. 1.24 edge effect (1) effect cause
41、d by measurement error mainly at the edge due to solid displacement or deformation by variable loading in thermoelastic stress measurement (2) change in thermal properties at the edge of a target object as a result of different thermal conduction and convection properties EXAMPLE Effect caused by me
42、asurement error at an edge due to solid displacement or deformation by variable loading in thermoelastic stress measurement. 1.25 effective emissivity * measured emissivity value of a particular target surface under existing measurement conditions (rather than the generic tabulated value for the sam
43、e material) that can be used to correct specific temperature readings NOTE 1 Effective emissivity is also called emittance; however, the latter term is not preferred because it has been used to describe radiant exitance. NOTE 2 Effective emissivity is context dependent, and is not purely a property
44、of a material. 1.26 effective number of pixels spatial resolution of a measured infrared image NOTE The effective number of pixels is determined for a scanning infrared thermographic instrument according to the scanning pitch, and for an infrared thermographic instrument with an array sensor accordi
45、ng to the number of pixels of the detector. 1.27 EMI/RFI noise disturbance to electrical signals caused by electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency interference (RFI) NOTE In infrared thermography, EMI/RFI noise can cause patterns to appear on the display and is sometimes due to poor gr
46、ounding or earthing. 1.28 emissivity ratio of the radiance of a target surface to that of a blackbody at the same temperature and over the same spectral interval 1.29 emittance ratio of the radiant flux emitted by a real target and that emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature and under the sa
47、me conditions NOTE 1 The total radiance, R0, is obtained by an integration of the monochromatic radiance between wavelengths zero and infinity. BS ISO 10878:2013ISO 10878:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 5250402dexp( ) 1hcRThckTwhere c is the speed of light in a vacuum; h is the Planck constant;
48、 k is the Boltzmann constant; T is the thermodynamic temperature; is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, in watts per square metre per kelvin to the power four, given by 482325,67 1015kch Radiance and emittance being connected, the total emittance, M0, is given by M0 R0 T4NOTE 2 In thermography, the term
49、s “radiance” and “emittance” are technically often used interchangeably. NOTE 3 Refer to ISO 80000-7 1.30 environmental rating rating assigned to an operating unit (typically an electrical or mechanical enclosure) to indicate the limits of the environmental conditions under which the unit functions reliably and within reported performance specifications 1.31 extended source source of infrared radiation whose image fills completely or a larger part of the field of view of the
