1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58ICS 13.180Ergonomics Manual handling Part 2: Pushing and pullingBRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 11228-2:2007
2、BS ISO 11228-2:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 50583 6Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
3、of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.National forewordThis British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of ISO 11228-2:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was e
4、ntrusted by Technical Committee PH/9, Applied ergonomics, to Subcommittee PH/9/4, Anthropometry and biomechanics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Reference numberISO 11228-2:2007(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO11228-2First edition2007-04-
5、01Ergonomics Manual handling Part 2: Pushing and pulling Ergonomie Manutention manuelle Partie 2: Actions de pousser et de tirer BS ISO 11228-2:2007ii iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Terms and definitions. 1 3 Recommendations 2 3.1 Avoiding hazardous manual handling tasks .
6、 2 3.2 Risk assessment. 2 3.2.1 Hazard identification. 3 3.2.1.1 Force. 3 3.2.1.2 Posture . 3 3.2.1.3 Frequency and duration . 4 3.2.1.4 Distance . 4 3.2.1.5 Object characteristics. 4 3.2.1.6 Environmental conditions 4 3.2.1.7 Individual characteristics . 4 3.2.1.8 Work organization. 5 3.2.2 Risk es
7、timation and risk assessment. 5 3.2.2.1 Method 1 Generalized risk estimation and risk assessment approach 5 3.2.2.2 Method 2 Specialized risk estimation and risk assessment approach. 7 3.2.2.2.1 Part A Muscle-strength-based force limits, FBr. 8 3.2.2.2.2 Part B Skeletal-based force limits, FLS. 9 3.
8、2.2.2.3 Part C Limiting force, FL9 3.2.2.2.4 Part D Safety limit, FR. 9 3.2.3 Risk reduction . 10 Annex A (informative) Method 1 Pushing and pulling: general assessment checklist 11 Annex B (informative) Method 2 Specialized risk estimation and risk evaluation 20 Annex C (informative) Risk reduction
9、 methods 40 Annex D (informative) Suggested approach for measuring push/pull forces . 44 Annex E (informative) Application examples for Methods 1 and 2 . 45 Annex F (informative) Method for determining combined strength distribution for a particular reference group. 55 Bibliography . 64 BS ISO 11228
10、-2:2007iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
11、 which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on a
12、ll matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
13、 circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held re
14、sponsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 11228-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 3, Anthropometry and biomechanics. ISO 11228 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics Manual handling: Part 1: Lifting and carry
15、ing Part 2: Pushing and pulling Part 3: Handling of low loads at high frequency BS ISO 11228-2:2007vIntroduction Pain, fatigue and disorders of the musculoskeletal system can result from awkward and/or forceful manual handling tasks such as the pushing or pulling of objects. Musculoskeletal pain and
16、 fatigue can themselves influence postural control and increase the likelihood of hazardous working practices, leading to an increased risk of injury, as well as a reduction in productivity and the quality of work output. Good ergonomic design can provide an approach for avoiding these adverse effec
17、ts. This part of ISO 11228 provides two methods for identifying the potential hazards and risks associated with whole-body pushing and pulling. Its content is based on current knowledge and understanding of the musculoskeletal risk factors associated with these types of handling tasks. In addition t
18、o providing an ergonomics approach for the assessment of push/pull tasks, it proposes recommendations for reducing the risk of injury or ill health. The assessment and control of risks associated with other aspects of manual handling are to be found in ISO 11228-1, ISO 11228-3 and ISO 11226. BS ISO
19、11228-2:2007blank1Ergonomics Manual handling Part 2: Pushing and pulling 1 Scope This part of ISO 11228 gives the recommended limits for whole-body pushing and pulling. It provides guidance on the assessment of risk factors considered important to manual pushing and pulling, allowing the health risk
20、s for the working population to be evaluated. The recommendations apply to the healthy adult working population and provide reasonable protection to the majority of this population. These guidelines are based on experimental studies of push/pull tasks and associated levels of musculoskeletal loading
21、, discomfort/pain, and endurance/fatigue. Pushing and pulling, as defined in this part of ISO 11228, is restricted to the following: whole-body force exertions (i.e. while standing/walking); actions performed by one person (handling by two or more people is not part of the assessment, but some advic
22、e is given in Annex C); forces applied by two hands; forces used to move or restrain an object; forces applied in a smooth and controlled way; forces applied without the use of external support(s); forces applied on objects located in front of the operator; forces applied in an upright position (not
23、 sitting). This part of ISO 11228 is intended to provide information for designers, employers, employees and others involved in the design or redesign of work, tasks, products and work organization. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
24、 2.1 initial force force applied to set an object in motion (i.e. force required to accelerate the object) 2.2 pulling human physical effort where the motive force is in front of the body and directed towards the body as the body stands or moves backwards BS ISO 11228-2:20072 2.3 pushing human physi
25、cal effort where the motive force is directed to the front of, and away from, the operators body as the operator stands or moves forward 2.4 sustained force force applied to keep an object in motion (i.e. force required to keep the object at more or less constant velocity) 2.5 stopping force force a
26、pplied to bring an object to rest 2.6 unfavourable environmental conditions conditions that give rise to additional risk of injury EXAMPLE Hot or cold environments, slippery floors. 3 Recommendations 3.1 Avoiding hazardous manual handling tasks Hazardous manual handling tasks should be avoided where
27、ver possible. This can be achieved by appropriate workplace or job design, as well as through mechanization or automation. For example, the manual pushing and pulling of heavy objects across a work surface can be avoided by using powered conveyor belts or a gravity-inclined roller track. 3.2 Risk as
28、sessment Risk assessment consists of the following steps: hazard identification, risk estimation, risk evaluation (see ISO/IEC Guide 51). For the purposes of this part of ISO 11228, the risk assessment model shown in Figure 1 is used. BS ISO 11228-2:20073Figure 1 Risk assessment model 3.2.1 Hazard i
29、dentification 3.2.1.1 Force Initial forces are used to overcome the objects inertia, when starting or changing the direction of movement. Sustained forces are those used to maintain the movement of the object. Initial forces are usually higher than sustained forces and should, therefore, be kept to
30、a minimum. Frequent starting, stopping and manoeuvring of the object should be avoided. Smooth continuous force exertions should be applied to the object, avoiding jerky movements and long duration; sustained forces should be avoided, as they increase the risk of muscle or whole-body fatigue. 3.2.1.
31、2 Posture The ability to exert a force is largely determined by the posture a person adopts. Awkward postures often lead to decreased abilities for force exertions and increased risk of injury from high loads being placed on body joints or segments. The operator should adopt a comfortable and natura
32、l posture when applying either initial BS ISO 11228-2:20074 or sustained push/pull forces. The operator should exert the force with a stable and balanced posture that allows the application of his/her body weight to the load and thus minimizes the forces acting on the back (i.e. spinal compressive l
33、oading and sagittal or lateral shear forces) and shoulders. Twisted, lateral bent and flexed trunk postures should be avoided as they increase the risk of injury. The load on the arms and shoulders is influenced by posture in relation to the applied force, which is also influenced by the position of
34、 the hands. Therefore, the hand position should not be too high or too low and the hands should not be too close together. Also, the elbows should be kept low. Whereas lifting, holding and carrying can lead to high compressive loads on the operators lumbar spine, the compression forces arising from
35、pushing and pulling are generally much lower. Shear forces, on the other hand, tend to be higher. Currently, there is limited knowledge about the possible effects of shear forces on the risk of back injury and only a few guideline figures exist on “safe limits” for shear forces. For these reasons, t
36、his part of ISO 11228 focuses on compressive forces only when proposing safety limits for pushing and pulling tasks. 3.2.1.3 Frequency and duration When pushing and pulling, both the frequency and duration of the applied force should be considered. Long duration force exertions should be avoided (e.
37、g. by means of mechanical aids) in order to limit/avoid the effects of muscle fatigue. High repetitive force exertions will result in more frequent initial forces and should be avoided. 3.2.1.4 Distance Distances over which operators move objects can vary from several paces (1 m or 2 m) up to many m
38、etres. Long distances coupled with high forces and frequent movements may be fatiguing to the operators. The longer the distance, the more fatiguing the movement may be for a given force exertion level. Long distances could involve multiple corrective movements on the part of the operator, altering
39、the path of the object and thus increasing the force demands and the exposure of the operator to any other hazards posed by the work environment. 3.2.1.5 Object characteristics Manoeuvrability of the object should be optimized. If the object is on wheels/castors, then these should be suitable for th
40、e object (i.e. appropriate material and diameter) and well maintained. For objects without wheels or castors, friction should be reduced (e.g. surfaces with low frictional properties or rollers should be considered). The force should be applied against the object in a suitable and secure manner (e.g
41、. handles should be provided where appropriate). An object that restricts an operators visibility presents special hazards when pushing. In these situations, it may be preferable to pull the object. It is advisable to use long vertical handgrips, where possible, in order to give the users the opport
42、unity to grasp at their preferred height. 3.2.1.6 Environmental conditions The surface over which the object is moved should be suitable for transporting the object and be well maintained. Slopes, ramps and steps increase the physical effort needed to push or pull an object, thereby increasing the w
43、orkload on the musculoskeletal system and, consequently, the risk of injury. Wet or contaminated surfaces can present particular hazards to the operator when applying forces. Vibration, inappropriate lighting and hot and cold environments can impose additional hazards on the operator. 3.2.1.7 Indivi
44、dual characteristics Individual skills and capabilities, the level of training, age, gender and health status are important characteristics to consider when carrying out a risk assessment (see 3.2.2.2). Skill and experience are likely to benefit the operator when performing the task and reduce the r
45、isk of injury. Training can increase the level of skill and ability to carry out a task. Shoes worn by the worker should provide adequate support and traction for the environment where the task takes place. BS ISO 11228-2:200753.2.1.8 Work organization The overall organization of the work performed
46、by an operator can modify the risk of injury. Physical tasks performed other than pushing and pulling can contribute to operator fatigue and biomechanical loading over the course of the workday. All such tasks deserve their own risk assessment and evaluation. It must be understood that the hazards p
47、osed by the pushing and pulling of objects often result from the combination or interaction of the various risk factors, e.g. high sustained forces over long distances. Furthermore, operators should be trained in how to safely perform each task and how to recognize hazardous workplaces, tasks and eq
48、uipment conditions. Furthermore, operators should be made aware of the necessary procedures and communication channels through which to report and correct such hazards. Equipment and facilities must be regularly and properly maintained for safe usage and defective or damaged equipment must be remove
49、d from use immediately. All involved parties should be aware of safe operating and maintenance procedures. The equipment purchase process should be based upon clear task requirements and thus result in the selection of equipment suitable for the specific workplace and task conditions. 3.2.2 Risk estimation and risk assessment The risk estimation approach adopts a multidisciplinary approach giving suitable consideration to biomechanical, physiological and psychophysical capabilities. The biomech
