1、BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 11228-3:2007Ergonomics Manual handling Part 3: Handling of low loads at high frequencyICS 13.180g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g
2、42g43g55g3g47g36g58Incorporating corrigendumAugust 2015BS ISO 11228-3:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2007ISBN 978 0 580 91497 3National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 11228-3:2007.T
3、he UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee PH/9, Applied ergonomics, to Subcommittee PH/9/-/4, Ergonomics Anthropometry and Biomechanics.A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not pur
4、port to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Comments The British Standards Institution 2015.Published
5、 by BSI Standards Limited 201531 August 2015 Implementation of ISO corrected text1 November 2009Reference numberISO 11228-3:2007(E)ISO 2007INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO11228-3First edition2007-04-01Corrected version2009-11-01Ergonomics Manual handling Part 3: Handling of low loads at high frequency Erg
6、onomie Manutention manuelle Partie 3: Manipulation de charges faibles frquence de rptition leve ISO 11228-3:2007(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces
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11、iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2007 All rights reservedBS ISO 11228-3:2007ISO 11228-3:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms .2 3.1 Terms and definitions .2 3.2 Sy
12、mbols and abbreviated terms 3 4 Recommendations 4 4.1 Avoiding repetitive handling tasks4 4.2 Risk assessment4 4.2.1 General .4 4.2.2 Hazard identification .6 4.2.2.1 General6 4.2.2.2 Repetition6 4.2.2.3 Posture and movement .6 4.2.2.4 Force .6 4.2.2.5 Duration and insufficient recovery.6 4.2.2.6 Ob
13、ject characteristics .6 4.2.2.7 Vibration and impact forces6 4.2.2.8 Environmental conditions (lighting, climate, noise, etc.) 7 4.2.2.9 Work organization7 4.2.2.10 Psychosocial factors (e.g. job complexity, job demands, job content) .7 4.2.2.11 Individuals 7 4.2.3 Risk estimation 8 4.2.3.1 Method 1
14、 Simple risk assessment.8 4.2.3.2 Method 2 Detailed risk assessment 8 4.3 Risk reduction12 Annex A (informative) Risk assessment General framework and information on available methods13 Annex B (informative) Method 1 Simple risk assessment checklist.16 Annex C (informative) Method 2 OCRA method for
15、detailed risk assessment 25 Annex D (informative) Other methods for detailed risk assessment.66 Annex E (informative) Risk reduction .70 Bibliography73 BS ISO 11228-3:2007ISO 11228-3:2007(E) iv ISO 2007 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwi
16、de federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on tha
17、t committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in a
18、ccordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard re
19、quires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 11228-3 was prepared by Tec
20、hnical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 3, Anthropometry and biomechanics. ISO 11228 consists of the following parts, under the general title Ergonomics Manual handling: Part 1: Lifting and carrying Part 2: Pushing and pulling Part 3: Handling of low loads at high frequency This cor
21、rected version of ISO 11228-3:2007 incorporates the following corrections: the error message substituted for Equation (C.9) has been replaced by the missing equation; the hyperlink previously referenced as 65 in the Bibliography, no longer active, has been deleted, together with its mention in the m
22、ain body of the document, and the numbers of the other bibliographical references following it have been adjusted accordingly. BS ISO 11228-3:2007ISO 11228-3:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved vIntroduction Handling of low loads at high frequency (repetitive work) can cause pain and fatigue, which
23、 could lead to musculoskeletal disorders, reduced productivity, and deteriorated posture and movement co-ordination. The latter can increase the risk of errors and may result in reduced quality and hazardous situations. Good ergonomic design and proper organization of work are basic requirements for
24、 the avoidance of the adverse effects mentioned. Risk factors in repetitive work include the frequency of actions, exposure duration, postures and movement of body segments, forces associated with the work, work organization, job control, demands on work output (e.g. quality, task precision) and lev
25、el of training/skill. Additional factors can include environmental factors, such as climate, noise, vibration and illumination. The recommendations provided by this part of ISO 11228 are based on available scientific evidence concerning the physiology and epidemiology of manual work. The knowledge i
26、s, however, limited, and the suggested guidelines are subject to change according to future research. BS ISO 11228-3:2007INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11228-3:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 1Ergonomics Manual handling Part 3: Handling of low loads at high frequency 1 Scope This part of ISO 11228
27、establishes ergonomic recommendations for repetitive work tasks involving the manual handling of low loads at high frequency. It provides guidance on the identification and assessment of risk factors commonly associated with handling low loads at high frequency, thereby allowing evaluation of the re
28、lated health risks to the working population. The recommendations apply to the adult working population and are intended to give reasonable protection for nearly all healthy adults. Those recommendations concerning health risks and control measures are mainly based on experimental studies regarding
29、musculoskeletal loading, discomfort/pain and endurance/fatigue related to methods of working. For the evaluation of working postures, refer to ISO 11226. This part of ISO 11228 is intended to provide information for all those involved in the design or redesign of work, jobs and products. 2 Normative
30、 references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 6385, Ergonomic principles in the
31、 design of work systems ISO 11226, Ergonomics Evaluation of static working postures ISO 11228-1, Ergonomics Manual handling Part 1: Lifting and carrying ISO 11228-2, Ergonomics Manual handling Part 2: Pushing and pulling ISO 14738, Safety of machinery Anthropometric requirements for the design of wo
32、rkstations at machinery ISO 15534 (all parts), Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery BS ISO 11228-3:2007ISO 11228-3:2007(E) 2 ISO 2007 All rights reserved3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6385, ISO 112
33、28-1, ISO 11228-2, ISO 11226 and the following terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms apply. NOTE In the definitions involving frequency, a unit of time is mentioned because more than one method is involved, each using a different unit, e.g. seconds in HAL (see Annex D), minutes in the OC
34、RA Index (see Annex C) and Strain Index (see Annex D). 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.1.1 repetitive task task characterized by repeated work cycles 3.1.2 work cycle sequence of (technical) actions that are repeated always the same way 3.1.3 cycle time tCtime, in seconds, elapsing from the moment when
35、one operator begins a work cycle to the moment that the same work cycle is repeated 3.1.4 technical action elementary manual actions required to complete the operations within the cycle EXAMPLE Holding, turning, pushing or cutting. 3.1.5 repetitiveness characteristic of a task when a person is conti
36、nuously repeating the same work cycle, technical actions and movements 3.1.6 frequency of actions number of technical actions per unit of time 3.1.7 force F physical effort of the operator required to execute the task 3.1.8 postures and movements positions and movements of body segment(s) or joint(s
37、) required to execute the task 3.1.9 recovery time period of rest following a period of activity which allows restoration of musculoskeletal function (in minutes) 3.1.10 additional risk factor object and environmental factors for which there is evidence of causal or aggravating relationship with wor
38、k-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb EXAMPLE Vibration, local pressure, cold environment or cold surfaces. BS ISO 11228-3:2007ISO 11228-3:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 33.1.11 move transport of an object to a given destination using the upper limbs and without walking 3.1.12
39、reach shift the hand towards a prefixed destination 3.1.13 carry transport of an object to a given destination by walking 3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms AMadditional multiplier ATA actual technical action f frequency of actions per minute F force (N) FBbasic force limit FLforce limit FMforce mult
40、iplier j generic repetitive tasks kfconstant of frequency of technical actions per minute L actual load MODA PTS modular analysis predetermined time system MSD musculoskeletal disorders MTA motion time analysis MTM methods/time measurement MVC maximum voluntary contraction nATAoverall number of actu
41、al technical actions within a shift nepnumber of exposed individuals npanumber of persons affected by one or more UL-WMSD nRPA partial reference number of technical actions within a shift nrtnumber of repetitive task(s) performed during a shift nRTA overall number of reference technical actions with
42、in a shift BS ISO 11228-3:2007ISO 11228-3:2007(E) 4 ISO 2007 All rights reservednTCnumber of technical actions in a cycle OCRA occupational repetitive action PA prevalence (%) of persons affected PMposture multiplier PTS predetermined time system RTA reference technical action ReMrepetitiveness mult
43、iplier RcMrecovery multiplier SE standard error t net duration of each repetitive task, in minutes tCcycle time, in seconds TA technical action tMduration multiplier UL-WMSD upper limb work-related musculoskeletal disorders WF work factor 4 Recommendations 4.1 Avoiding repetitive handling tasks Haza
44、rdous manual handling tasks should be avoided wherever possible. This can be achieved through work enlargements, job rotation and/or mechanization/automation within the framework of a participative ergonomics approach. In the case of repetitive handling of low loads at high frequency, many tasks can
45、 be modified through the use of robotics or automated production systems. NOTE A “participative ergonomics approach” signifies the practical involvement of workers, supported by suitable communication, in planning and managing a significant amount of their work activities, with sufficient knowledge
46、and ability to influence both processes and outcomes in order to achieve desirable goals. 4.2 Risk assessment 4.2.1 General When repetitive handling is unavoidable, a four-step approach in accordance with ISO Guide 51 and ISO 14121, and involving both risk assessment and risk reduction, should be ad
47、opted. The four steps are hazard identification, risk estimation, risk evaluation and risk reduction. The procedure shown in Figure 1 should be adopted when carrying out a risk assessment of jobs involving the manual handling of low loads at high frequency. BS ISO 11228-3:2007ISO 11228-3:2007(E) ISO
48、 2007 All rights reserved 5Figure 1 Risk assessment procedure BS ISO 11228-3:2007ISO 11228-3:2007(E) 6 ISO 2007 All rights reserved4.2.2 Hazard identification 4.2.2.1 General The first step of the risk assessment is to identify whether hazards exist which may expose individuals to a risk of injury.
49、If such hazards are present, then a more detailed risk assessment can be necessary. When determining if one or more of the following hazards is present, consideration should be given to the guidelines for avoiding them. 4.2.2.2 Repetition Frequent repetitive movements give rise to a risk of injury that can vary depending on the context of the movement pattern and the individual. As the movement cycle increases and/or the cycle time decreases, the risk of injury increases. Repetitive
