1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 11648-1:2003 Statistical aspects of sampling from bulk materials Part 1: General principles ICS 03.120.30 BS ISO 11648-1:2003 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 11 September 2003 BSI 11 September 2003 ISBN
2、 0 580 42610 6 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 11648-1:2003 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee SS/3, Application of statistical methods in standardization, which has the responsib
3、ility to: A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Stan
4、dards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standar
5、d does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European
6、developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 92, an inside back cover and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the doc
7、ument was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Date Comments Reference number ISO 11648-1:2003(E) OSI 3002INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11648-1 First edition 2003-03-15 Statistical aspects of sampling from bulk materials Part 1: General principles Aspects statistiques de lchantillo
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13、003IS-84611 O1:(3002E) I SO 3002 All irhgts seredevr iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms. 1 4 Purpose and application of statistics in sampling from bulk material 11 5 Particular problems for sampling bu
14、lk materials 11 6 Differences between particulates, liquids and gases . 13 7 Experimental methods for obtaining variance components at various stages of sampling 14 8 Adjusting the sampling plan to obtain desired precision. 19 9 Estimating precision. 20 10 Checking for bias 20 11 Precision and bias
15、at measurement stage . 22 Annex A (informative) Explanatory notes on definitions . 23 Annex B (informative) Fully-nested experiments 28 Annex C (informative) Statistical analysis of serial data 36 Annex D (normative) Estimating precision 74 Annex E (normative) Checking for bias . 78 Bibliography . 9
16、1 BSISO116481:2003IS-84611 O1:(3002E) iv I SO 3002 All irhgts seredevrForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO techni
17、cal committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely w
18、ith the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft Int
19、ernational Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document m
20、ay be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 11648-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 69, Applications of statistical methods. ISO 11648 consists of the following parts, under the general title Statistical aspects
21、of sampling from bulk materials: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Sampling of particulate materials It is the intention of ISO/TC 69/SC 3 to develop additional parts under this general title for the sampling of liquids and gases, if the need exists. BSISO116481:2003IS-84611 O1:(3002E) I SO 3002 Al
22、l irhgts seredevr vIntroduction This first part of ISO 11648 gives a broad outline of the statistical aspects of sampling from bulk material. International Standards dealing with the methods for sampling for bulk materials, such as solid fuels, iron ores, etc., have already been published and some o
23、f these are being revised by the responsible technical committees. This International Standard provides a source of information for technical terms and sampling techniques for types of bulk materials for which International Standards on sampling have not yet been written. This International Standard
24、 may also act as a bridge for mutual understanding of terms and methods between Technical Committees. BSISO116481:2003blank BSISO116481:2003INTENRATIONAL TSANDADR IS-84611 O1:(3002E)I SO 3002 All irhgts seredevr 1Statistical aspects of sampling from bulk materials Part 1: General principles 1 Scope
25、This part of ISO 11648 establishes the general principles for the application and statistical treatment of the sampling of bulk materials. It also provides general guidance and examples for estimating necessary variances and checking precision and bias when the average value of a quality characteris
26、tic is investigated. Furthermore, this part of ISO 11648 gives information relating to the statistical analyses of serial data, by the use of variograms and correlograms. This part of ISO 11648 also defines the basic terms with definitions for the sampling of bulk materials. These terms are necessar
27、y for providing a better understanding of sampling techniques as well as making it easier to fulfil requirements. NOTE Part 2 of ISO 11648 is applicable to particulate materials in bulk. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
28、 For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 565, Test sieves Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet Nominal sizes of openings ISO 3534 (all parts), Stati
29、stics Vocabulary and symbols ISO 5725 (all parts), Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 3534 and the following apply
30、. NOTE 1 The text bulk material shown after terms means the definition given is confined to the field of bulk sampling. NOTE 2 For further information on definitions, see Annex A. 3.1.1 bulk material amount of material within which component parts are not initially distinguishable on the macroscopic
31、 level BSISO116481:2003IS-84611 O1:(3002E) 2 I SO 3002 All irhgts seredevr3.1.2 sample bulk material subset of a specified population made up of one or more sampling units 3.1.3 sampling act of drawing or constituting a sample 3.1.4 simple random sampling sampling where a sample of n sampling units
32、is taken from a population in such a way that all combinations of n sampling units have the same probability of being taken NOTE In bulk material sampling, if the sampling unit is an increment, the positioning, delimitation and extraction of increments should ensure that all sampling units have an e
33、qual probability of being selected. 3.1.5 stratum mutually exclusive and exhaustive sub-population considered to be more homogeneous with respect to the characteristics investigated than the total population EXAMPLES In bulk material, strata, based on time, mass and space, are typically production p
34、eriods (e.g. 15 min); production masses (e.g. 100 t); holds in vessels, wagons in a train or containers. 3.1.6 stratified sampling sampling such that portions of the sample are drawn from the different strata and each stratum is sampled with at least one sampling unit NOTE In some cases, the portion
35、s are specified proportions determined in advance. However, in post-stratified sampling, the specified proportions would not be known in advance. 3.1.7 stratified simple random sampling simple random sampling from each stratum 3.1.8 systematic sampling sampling according to a methodical plan NOTE 1
36、In bulk sampling, systematic sampling can be achieved by taking items at fixed distances or after time intervals of fixed length. Intervals can, for example, be based on mass or time. In the case of mass, sampling units or increments should be of equal mass. With respect to time, sampling units or i
37、ncrements should be taken from a moving stream or conveyor, for example at uniform time intervals. In this case, the mass of each sampling unit or increment should be proportional to the mass flow rate at the instant of taking the entity or increment. NOTE 2 If the lot is divided into strata, strati
38、fied systematic sampling can be carried out by taking increments at the same relative locations within each stratum. 3.1.9 sampling unit bulk material one of the member parts, each with equal probability of selection in sampling, into which a population, comprised of the total quantity of bulk mater
39、ial under consideration, is divided NOTE 1 In bulk sampling, the sampling units are characterized by having an equal probability of being selected. Once chosen, the entire sampling unit becomes a part of the whole sample. NOTE 2 When sampling from a bulk material is performed by removing individual
40、increments, the sampling unit is the primary increment. BSISO116481:2003IS-84611 O1:(3002E) I SO 3002 All irhgts seredevr 33.1.10 precision closeness of agreement between independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions NOTE 1 Precision depends only on the distribution of random errors
41、and does not relate to the true value or the specified value. NOTE 2 The measure of precision is usually expressed in terms of imprecision and computed as a standard deviation of test results. Less precision is reflected by a larger standard deviation. NOTE 3 Quantitative measures of precision depen
42、d critically on the stipulated conditions. Repeatability and reproducibility conditions are particulate sets of extreme stipulated conditions. 3.1.11 bias difference between the expectation of a test result and an accepted reference value NOTE 1 Bias is the total systematic error as contrasted to ra
43、ndom error. There may be one or more systematic error components contributing to the bias. A larger systematic difference from the accepted reference value is reflected by a larger bias value. NOTE 2 The bias of a measurement instrument is normally estimated by averaging the error of indication over
44、 an appropriate number of repeated measurements. The error of indication is the “indication of a measuring instrument less the true value of the corresponding input quantity”. 3.1.12 lot bulk material definite part of a population, comprised of the total quantity of bulk material under consideration
45、, and where this part is considered as a quantity of material for which specific characteristics are to be determined NOTE Commerce in bulk material often encompasses transactions involving single lots, and, in these cases, the lot becomes the population. 3.1.13 sub-lot bulk material definite part o
46、f a lot of bulk material 3.1.14 increment bulk material quantity of bulk material taken in one action by a sampling device NOTE 1 The positioning, delimitation and extraction of the increment should ensure that all parts of the bulk material in the lot have an equal probability of being selected. NO
47、TE 2 Sampling is often carried out in progressive mechanical stages, in which case it is necessary to distinguish between a primary increment which is extracted from the lot at the first sampling stage, and a secondary increment which is extracted from the primary increment at the secondary sampling
48、 stage, and so on. 3.1.15 composite sample bulk material aggregation of two or more increments taken from a lot 3.1.16 gross sample bulk material aggregation of all the increments taken from a sub-lot or lot by the procedures of routine sampling BSISO116481:2003IS-84611 O1:(3002E) 4 I SO 3002 All ir
49、hgts seredevr3.1.17 test sample bulk material sample, as prepared for testing or analysis, the whole quantity or a part of it being used for testing or analysis at one time NOTE The term can be used in such ways as “test sample for chemical analysis”, “test sample for moisture determination”, “test sample for particle size determination” and “test sample for physical testing”. 3.1.18 test portion bulk material pa
