1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 12136:2011Reaction to fire tests Measurement of materialproperties using a firepropagation apparatusBS ISO 12136:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standar
2、d is the UK implementation of ISO 12136:2011. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to T e c h n i c a l Committee FSH/21/-/5, Reaction to fire tests - Heat release and smoke measurement.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary
3、.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2011 ISBN 978 0 580 63394 2 ICS 13.220.40; 13.220.50 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard
4、 was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 12136:2011Reference numberISO 12136:2011(E)ISO 2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO12136First edition2011-08-15Reaction to fire tests
5、Measurement of material properties using a fire propagation apparatus Essais de raction au feu Mesurage des proprits des matriaux au moyen dun appareillage de propagation du feu BS ISO 12136:2011ISO 12136:2011(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2011 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified,
6、no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case pos
7、tale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 12136:2011ISO 12136:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword . v Introduction vi 1 Scope 1 2 Normative r
8、eferences 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Symbols 2 5 Principle . 3 6 Apparatus . 4 6.1 General . 4 6.1.1 Dimensions 4 6.1.2 Components . 4 6.2 Infrared (IR) heating system . 4 6.3 Load cell system 5 6.4 Ignition pilot flame . 5 6.5 Ignition timer 5 6.6 Gas analysis system . 5 6.6.1 Gas sampling . 5
9、 6.6.2 Carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide analysers . 6 6.6.3 Inlet air oxygen analyser. 6 6.6.4 Optional product analysers for the combustion test . 6 6.7 Combustion air distribution system 6 6.7.1 General . 6 6.7.2 Air distribution chamber . 6 6.7.3 Air supply pipes . 6 6.8 Water-cooled shield 6 6.9 E
10、xhaust system . 7 6.10 Measuring section instruments . 7 6.10.1 Measuring section thermocouple probe . 7 6.10.2 Averaging Pitot probe and pressure transducer . 7 6.11 Heat flux gauge 7 6.12 Digital data acquisition system 7 7 Hazards . 8 7.1 Laboratory safety 8 7.2 Safety precautions 8 7.3 Exhaust s
11、ystem operation 8 8 Test specimen 8 8.1 Specimen holders 8 8.2 Specimen size and preparation . 8 8.2.1 Ignition, pyrolysis and combustion tests of horizontal specimens . 8 8.2.2 Fire propagation test of vertical, rectangular specimens . 9 8.2.3 Fire propagation test of vertical, cable specimens 9 9
12、Calibration 9 9.1 Radiant-flux heater 9 9.1.1 Routine calibration 9 9.1.2 Positioning of radiant-flux heaters 10 9.2 Gas-analyser calibration . 10 9.2.1 Carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide analysers . 10 BS ISO 12136:2011ISO 12136:2011(E) iv ISO 2011 All rights reserved9.2.2 Oxygen analyser 10 9.2.3 Opti
13、onal hydrocarbon gas analyser 10 9.3 Load cell .10 9.4 Heat release calibration 11 10 Specimen conditioning .11 11 Procedure .11 11.1 Procedure 1 Ignition test method 11 11.2 Procedure 2 Combustion test method 12 11.3 Procedure 3 Pyrolysis test method .13 11.4 Procedure 4 Fire propagation test metho
14、d 14 12 Calculation 15 13 Test report 16 13.1 Procedure 1 Ignition test method 16 13.2 Procedure 2 Combustion test method 17 13.3 Procedure 3 Pyrolysis test method .17 13.4 Procedure 4 Fire propagation test method 17 Annex A (informative) Laser smoke measuring system .31 Annex B (informative) Ration
15、ale 34 Annex C (informative) Comparison of results vertical and horizontal exhaust ducts 41 Annex D (informative) Heat of gasification .44 Bibliography 46 BS ISO 12136:2011ISO 12136:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
16、 federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that
17、committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in acc
18、ordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requ
19、ires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 12136 was prepared by Technic
20、al Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 1, Fire initiation and growth. BS ISO 12136:2011ISO 12136:2011(E) vi ISO 2011 All rights reservedIntroduction This International Standard contains four separate test methods34512, which are conducted using a fire propagation apparatus (FPA). The i
21、gnition, combustion and pyrolysis test methods involve the use of horizontal specimens subjected to a controlled, external radiant heat flux, which can be set from 0 kW/m2to 65 kW/m2. The fire propagation test method involves the use of vertical specimens subjected to ignition near the base of the s
22、pecimen from an external radiant heat flux and a pilot flame. The combustion, pyrolysis and fire propagation test methods can be performed using an inlet air supply that is either normal air or other gaseous mixtures, such as air with added nitrogen, 100 % nitrogen or air enriched with up to 40 % ox
23、ygen. The ignition test method is used to determine the time required for ignition, tign, of horizontal specimens by a pilot flame as a function of the magnitude of a constant, externally applied radiant heat flux. Measurements also are made of time required until initial fuel vaporization. The surf
24、ace of these specimens is coated with a thin layer of black paint to ensure complete absorption of the radiant heat flux from the infrared heating system (note that the coating does not itself undergo sustained flaming). The combustion test method is used to determine the chemical and convective hea
25、t release rates, and smoke generation rate when the horizontal test specimen is exposed to an external radiant heat flux. The pyrolysis test method with a flow of 100 % nitrogen and no ignition can be used to measure the mass loss rate as a function of externally applied radiant heat flux for a hori
26、zontal specimen. From these measurements, the heat of gasification of the material can be determined. The fire propagation test method using 40 % oxygen is used to determine the chemical heat release rate of a burning, vertical specimen during upward fire propagation and burning initiated by a heat
27、flux near the base of the specimen. Chemical heat release rate is derived from the release rates of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Observations also are made of the flame height on the vertical specimen during fire propagation. As discussed in B.5 and B.6, the use of enhanced oxygen in small-sc
28、ale fire tests can better simulate the flame heat flux occurring in large-scale fires1618192021. Correlation has been developed between the results from small-scale tests with 40 % oxygen and the results from large-scale tests for a class of materials (see B.6). Distinguishing features of the FPA in
29、clude: tungsten-quartz external, isolated heaters to provide a radiant flux of up to 65 kW/m2to the test specimen, which remains constant whether the surface regresses or expands; provision for combustion or upward fire propagation in prescribed flows of normal air, air enriched with up to 40 % oxyg
30、en, air oxygen vitiated, pure nitrogen or mixtures of gaseous suppression agents with the preceding air mixtures; the capability of measuring heat release rates and exhaust product flows generated during upward fire propagation on a vertical test specimen 0,305 m high. The original FPA uses a vertic
31、al exhaust duct configuration6, which requires laboratories to have available a sufficient ceiling height to accommodate all the system components. Also, the original FPA has the gas sampling and analysis system completely separate from the main apparatus. To reduce this ceiling height constraint an
32、d to allow for a more compact arrangement, a horizontal exhaust configuration has been developed as shown in Figures 1 and 2. The FPA with horizontal duct provides equivalent results to those measured using the FPA with vertical duct, as described in Annex C. The FPA is used to evaluate the flammabi
33、lity of materials and products. It is also designed to obtain the transient response of such materials and products to prescribed heat fluxes in specified inert or oxidizing environments and to obtain laboratory measurements of generation rates of fire products (CO2, CO, and, if desired, gaseous hyd
34、rocarbons) for use in fire safety engineering. BS ISO 12136:2011ISO 12136:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved viiIgnition of the specimen is by means of a pilot flame at a prescribed location with respect to the specimen surface described in 11.1 e). The Fire Propagation test of vertical specimens
35、is not suitable for materials that, on heating, melt sufficiently to form a liquid pool. This International Standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this International Standard to establish appropriate h
36、ealth and safety practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Clause 7. This International Standard specifies small-scale test methods for determining the performance of materials when exposed to fire, which are based on dec
37、ades of research published in the fire science literature. Parts of this International Standard are based on information contained in ASTM E2058 and NFPA 287. The following test methods, capable of being performed separately and independently, are included: 1) Ignition test, to determine tignfor a h
38、orizontal specimen; 2) Combustion test, to determine chemQ , cQ , m, Heff, and Ysfrom burning of a horizontal specimen; 3) Pyrolysis test, to determine mand Hg; and, 4) Fire propagation test, to determine chemQ from burning of a vertical specimen. BS ISO 12136:2011BS ISO 12136:2011INTERNATIONAL STAN
39、DARD ISO 12136:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 1Reaction to fire tests Measurement of material properties using a fire propagation apparatus 1 Scope This International Standard determines and quantifies the flammability characteristics of materials, in relation to their propensity to support fi
40、re propagation, by means of a fire propagation apparatus (FPA). Material flammability characteristics that are quantified in this International Standard include time to ignition, chemical and convective heat release rates, mass loss rate, effective heat of combustion, heat of gasification and smoke
41、yield. These properties can be used for fire safety engineering and for fire modelling. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition o
42、f the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 13943, Fire safety Vocabulary ISO 14934-3, Fire tests Calibration and use of heat flux meters Part 3: Secondary calibration method 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943
43、 and the following apply. 3.1 essentially flat surface surface whose irregularity from a plane does not exceed 1 mm 3.2 flashing existence of flame on or over the surface of the specimen for periods of less than 1 s 3.3 ignition sustained flaming on or over the surface of the specimen for periods of
44、 over 10 s 3.4 fire propagation increase in the exposed surface area of the specimen that is actively involved in flaming combustion 3.5 smoke yield mass of smoke particulates generated per unit mass of fuel vaporized BS ISO 12136:2011ISO 12136:2011(E) 2 ISO 2011 All rights reserved4 Symbols A Expos
45、ed surface area of specimen m2AdCross sectional area of test section duct m2cpSpecific heat of air at constant pressure kJ/kg K D Optical density per unit length m12oDConsumption rate of O2kg/scoGMass flow rate of CO in test section duct kg/s 2coGMass flow rate of CO2in test section duct kg/s jGMass
46、 flow rate of compound j in test section duct kg/s coH Heat of complete combustion per unit mass of CO kJ/kg effH Effective heat of combustion kJ/kg gH Heat of gasification kJ/kg TH Net heat of complete combustion per unit mass of fuel vaporized kJ/kg K Flow coefficient of averaging Pitot tube duct
47、gas velocity/(21/ 2m/ )P 2cok Stoichiometric CO2 to fuel mass ratio, for conversion of all fuel carbon to CO2 cok Stoichiometric CO to fuel mass ratio, for conversion of all fuel carbon to CO 2ok Stoichiometric ratio of mass of oxygen consumed to mass of fuel burned L Optical path length m lossM Tot
48、al mass loss in combustion test method k sM Total smoke generation in combustion test method kg m Mass loss rate of test specimen kg/s sm Mass generation rate of smoke kg/s dm Mass flow rate of gaseous mixture in test section duct kg/s atmP Atmospheric pressure Pa mP Pressure differential across ave
49、raging Pitot tube in test section duct Pa Q Cumulative heat released during combustion test method kJ BS ISO 12136:2011ISO 12136:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 3chemQChemical heat release rate kW cQConvective heat release rate kW aT Gas temperature in test section duct before ignition K dT Gas temperature in test section duct K t Time s ignt Ignition time s v Total volumetric flow rate in test section duct m3/s W Width of a flat specimen or the cir
