1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 12878:2012Environmental monitoring ofthe impacts from marine finfishfarms on soft bottomBS ISO 12878:2012 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK
2、implementation of ISO 12878:2012.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee AW/234, Fisheries and Aquaculture.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessa
3、ryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 66579 0ICS 65.150Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was publis
4、hed under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 12878:2012 ISO 2012Environmental monitoring of the impacts from marine finfish farms on soft bottomSurveillance environnementale des impacts sur le fond
5、 mou des exploitations de pisciculture marineINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO12878First edition2012-07-01Reference numberISO 12878:2012(E)BS ISO 12878:2012ISO 12878:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this pu
6、blication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Gene
7、va 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 12878:2012ISO 12878:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope 12 Normative references . 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principles for monito
8、ring 34.1 Aim and principles 34.2 Impact zones . 44.3 Survey types . 55 Methodology . 55.1 Sampling strategy . 55.2 Frequency of operational monitoring of local impact zone . 75.3 Frequency of operational transect monitoring . 75.4 Evaluation of results .105.5 Maps and charts 115.6 Additional data c
9、ollection Biological production at finfish farm 115.7 Report . 116 Quality assurance and quality control . 116.1 Aim and principles 116.2 Equipment calibration and operating safety 126.3 Checklists, sample log and anomaly reporting .126.4 Taxa identification .12Annex A (informative) Examples on envi
10、ronmental monitoring on the seabed impact from marine finfish farms 13Annex B (informative) Example Base map .21Annex C (informative) Example of monitoring report format and some sample content .22Bibliography .30BS ISO 12878:2012ISO 12878:2012(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Stand
11、ardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right
12、to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Sta
13、ndards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Int
14、ernational Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 12878 w
15、as prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 234, Fisheries and aquaculture.iv ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 12878:2012ISO 12878:2012(E)IntroductionParticulate effluents from finfish farms can affect environmental conditions on the surrounding seafloor as well as the health of the farmed fish. The
16、se effluents consist of excess feed and faecal pellets from the fish, and are released as particles in a variety of sizes, depending on the fish species, feed type, temperature and other conditions in the aquaculture operation. Depending on the hydrodynamic and bathymetric conditions in the area, th
17、e particles settle on the seabed at various distances from the finfish cages. This leads to changes in the chemistry and the biology of the sediments, and if the effluent load is high it can even result in sediments depleted of biota.The aquaculture industry is dependent on favourable environmental
18、conditions to ensure good fish health and optimal growth. Excessive accumulation of organic material in the form of waste feed pellets and fish faeces can change the habitat characteristics of bottom substrates, leading to eutrophication and associated negative changes in biodiversity. Repeated and
19、systematic monitoring can give an overview of changes in bottom conditions, and remedial action can be implemented should the developments be in a negative direction.All livestock farming has some impact on the environment. It is intended that the environmental impact on the seabed not exceed accept
20、able and agreed-upon limits established for the local impact zone or farm licence area. Threshold values for environmental impact are expected to be set to prevent unacceptable impact on the seabed in the surrounding area and on its biota. Threshold values are also expected to ensure favourable livi
21、ng conditions for farmed fish such that finfish farm sites can be in use over a longer time period. Pollution control authorities define threshold values for environmental quality. For personnel and organizations using this International Standard, it can be helpful to have a reference to the legal a
22、nd policy framework of their country or state. It is strongly intended to streamline the environmental monitoring process in a way that involves all institutions responsible for the marine environment.The main emphasis of this International Standard is on methods for measuring impacts on the bottom
23、conditions at and around finfish farm sites. In certain cases, there can be a need for a broader environmental monitoring programme to highlight a given set of problems or to consider the condition of the receiving environment, as a whole. In this International Standard, examples of monitoring surve
24、ys of finfish farms in some countries are presented in Annex A.Finfish farm sites, which are sited over seabed consisting of bedrock, larger rocks/stones or other hard substrate, can be surveyed following the guidelines given in ISO 19493. This International Standard only gives guidelines for monito
25、ring of effluents from finfish farms sited on soft bottom. ISO 2012 All rights reserved vBS ISO 12878:2012BS ISO 12878:2012Environmental monitoring of the impacts from marine finfish farms on soft bottom1 ScopeThis International Standard establishes an approach for sampling and empirical measurement
26、 of soft-bottom impacts from marine finfish net pen farms, and gives examples of detailed procedures for how environmental impacts from finfish net pen farm sites can be monitored in the field, including guidelines for quality assurance of sampling protocols and safety. The emphasis of the environme
27、ntal impact in this International Standard is on eutrophication effects on the seabed.This International Standard identifies ecological objectives, the indicators used, and the methodology and design, and encompasses guidelines for quality assurance of sampling protocols and operational safety.2 Nor
28、mative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 16665, Water quality Guidelin
29、es for quantitative sampling and sample processing of marine soft-bottom macrofauna3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1anchoring areaarea delimited by the anchoring points of the cage area3.2anchor lineline, cable or chain from the a
30、nchor points to the cage area3.3anchor pointsattachment point of the anchor line3.4area of influencearea of seabed where environment is influenced or expected to be influenced, based on the available information or as identified through the use of predictive models3.5baseline monitoringsampling of a
31、n area of influence, which previously was not used for finfish production3.6benthicassociated with the seafloorISO 16665:2005, definition 2.2INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12878:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 12878:2012ISO 12878:2012(E)3.7benthic macrofaunabottom-dwelling animals retained
32、on a mesh screen of 0,5 mm or 1 mm aperture sizeISO 16665:2005, definition 2.33.8biological productionbiomass remaining in the cages(s) at the end of the year, minus the starting biomass at the beginning of the year, plus harvested biomass, mortalities and wasteNOTE The term “waste” includes escapee
33、s and sorted-out fish, which are not harvested.3.9cagefloating framework with attached net bag, which encloses the fish, and which forms a part of the fish farm3.10cage areaarea of seabed directly below the cage3.11environmental monitoringsystematic observation, measurement and calculation of the co
34、ndition of the environment, emission of pollutants or populations and species, which are necessary for the assessment of the condition of the environment, the development of environment policies and the planning of environmental protection measures, as well as the control of the effectiveness thereo
35、f3.12fish farm sitegeographically defined location for aquaculture3.13hard substratehard bottomsubstrate consisting of bedrock, larger rocks/stones or fixed marine constructions such as wharfs, quays and pipelines3.14indicator speciesbenthic species that defines a trait or characteristic of the envi
36、ronment or that serves as a measure of the environmental conditions existing in a given location3.15monitoring levelscope of survey required to determine whether or not the environmental impact is retained within specified threshold values3.16monitoring programmeset of routine measurements of parame
37、ters which describe environmental effects from finfish farms3.17operational monitoringsampling conducted during operation of a finfish aquaculture facility3.18pilot surveysurvey used for simple rapid assessment and basic information on a site2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 12878:2012ISO 12878:2
38、012(E)3.19production cycleperiod from the time fish are initially stocked into the sea until the cohort is completely removed through harvesting or transfer3.20receiving environmentwater body that receives input of natural or anthropogenic origin3.21reference stationsampling station chosen to repres
39、ent background or natural environmental conditions in a given area on seabed, i.e. free from direct anthropogenic influencesNOTE Adapted from ISO 16665:2005.3.22sampling stationprecise location where recording is carried out and any samples are collectedNOTE Adapted from ISO 16665:2005.3.23sediment
40、conditionclassification of the observed condition in the sediment3.24soft bottomareas of seafloor consisting of loose deposited particles, including clay, mud, sand and gravel, shells and maerl, where it is possible to sample with a grab or a corerNOTE A minimum of three sampling attempts are intend
41、ed to be carried out. If any one is successful, it is intended that the substrate be treated as soft. It also includes mixed substrata with gravels, small stones and pebbles scattered on a bed of finer material, but excludes cobble.3.25soft-bottom faunaanimals living on or completely/partially burie
42、d in soft sediments3.26tenuretotal area on seabed that is licensed or otherwise permitted by governmental authority to be utilized for finfish farming3.27threshold valuevalue of a parameter that divides between defined levels of impact in a monitoring programme3.28transect monitoringdocumentation of
43、 qualitative and quantitative changes over a distance4 Principles for monitoring4.1 Aim and principlesThe ecological objective of the monitoring is systematic observation, measurement and calculation of the condition of the environment, emission of pollutants or populations and species, which are ne
44、cessary for the assessment of the condition of the environment, and the planning of environmental protection measures, as well as the control of the effectiveness thereof. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 12878:2012ISO 12878:2012(E)The effort of environmental monitoring should be proportional to
45、 the scale of impact and should focus on long term sustainable use of the seabed in farming areas.Principles for monitoring of environmental impact on the seabed may be summarized as follows: before a site is utilized for aquaculture production, baseline monitoring should be carried out, if possible
46、; if baseline monitoring is not possible, a reference station may be utilized for comparison; threshold values for environmental impact should be set such that finfish farm sites may be in use over a longer time period These values should aim to ensure favourable living conditions for farmed fish as
47、 well as to prevent unacceptable impact on the surrounding seabed area. The responsible government may have established threshold values for unacceptable impact and impact categories; monitoring of the seabed should be regular; the more impact a finfish farm has on the seabed, the more often the mon
48、itoring survey should be performed (see Table 3); different monitoring surveys may be used in different areas: where little impact is tolerated by pollution authorities or by society, the survey should be able to detect subtle changes; where more impact is tolerated, a simpler survey may be enough t
49、o provide a satisfactory result; the monitoring survey used should be suited to the task and the following considered: the aim of the monitoring; how detailed the survey should be to provide a comprehensive result; the level of accuracy needed for the measured variables; practicality, efficiency, time consumption and costs involved in relation to the outcome; transparency; surveys comprising multiple parameters are less sensitive to anomalies in individual parameters and may provide a more robust result; the variables that make up a monitoring
