1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 13091-1:2001Mechanical vibrations Vibrotactile perception thresholds for the assessment of nerve dysfunction Part 1: Methods of measurement at the fingertipsNational forew
2、ordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 13091-1:2001, incorporating amendment 1:2010.The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags. Tags indicating changes to ISO text carry the number of the ISO amendment. For example, text altered
3、 by ISO amendment 1 is indicated by !“.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee GME/21/6, Whole-body vibration and shock.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include
4、all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. BSI 2011 ISBN 978 0 580 73899 9 ICS 13.160Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy an
5、d Strategy Committee on 31 March 201 .Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affectedBS ISO 13091-1:2001 BRITISH STANDARD 1Reference numberISO 13091-1:2001(E)INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO13091-1First edition2001-05-15Mechanical vibration Vibrotactileperception thresholds for the assessm
6、entof nerve dysfunction Part 1:Methods of measurement at the fingertipsVibrations mcaniques Seuils de perception vibrotactile pour lvaluationdes troubles neurologiquesPartie 1: Mthodes de mesure la pulpe des doigts ISO 2011iiiContents PageForeword.ivIntroduction.v1 Scope 12 Normative references 13 T
7、erms and definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms .13.1 Terms and definitions .13.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms 44 Measurement methods44.1 General44.2 Stimulus64.3 Subject comfort and positioning84.4 Conditions for skin surface 104.5 Stimulating probe 104.6 Skin-stimulator contact.114.7 Psychoph
8、ysical algorithm 124.8 Subjects response 134.9 Skin motion 134.10 System check and calibration 134.11 Hazards to the subject 135 Preparation and instruction of subjects before vibrotactile testing 145.1 General145.2 Prior to testing .145.3 Instruction of subject about the test procedure.146 Conduct
9、of vibrotactile perception test.156.1 Familiarization156.2 Measurement of ascending and descending thresholds 156.3 Variability of ascending and descending threshold values 166.4 Calculation of vibrotactile perception threshold166.5 Measurement of background vibration .176.6 Measurement of skin temp
10、erature .187 Reporting of results.18Bibliography20BS ISO 13091-1:2001ISO 13091-1:2001 (E) ISO 2011ivForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISOmember bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally ca
11、rried out through ISO technicalcommittees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established hasthe right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, inliaison with ISO, also take part in the work. I
12、SO collaborates closely with the International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committee
13、s are circulated to the member bodies for voting.Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this part of ISO 13091 may be the subject ofpatent rights. ISO shall not
14、 be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.International Standard ISO 13091-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration andshock, Subcommittee SC 4, Human exposure to mechanical vibration and shock.ISO 13091 consists of the following parts, under th
15、e general title Mechanical vibration Vibrotactile perceptionthresholds for the assessment of nerve dysfunction:Gbe Part 1: Methods of measurement at the fingertipsGbe Part 2: Analysis and interpretation of measurements at the fingertipsBS ISO 13091-1:2001ISO 13091-1:2001 (E) ISO 2011vIntroductionThe
16、 early detection of peripheral neuropathies in the upper extremities, which are often manifest as changes intactile function, is of considerable interest. Such neuropathies may occur as a result of disease, or fromoccupations in which workers are exposed to neurotoxic agents or to mechanical vibrati
17、on.The tactile performance of the fingers is known to depend on neural activity in up to four populations of specializednerve endings. These mechanoreceptor types are commonly described by their response to mechanicalindentation of the skin surface (i.e. SAI: slowly adapting, type I; SAII: slowly ad
18、apting, type II; FAI: fast adapting,type I; and FAII: fast adapting, type II). The SAI receptor acuity primarily determines the resolution of the spatialfeatures of a surface, such as ridges and texture. These receptors respond to pressure. FAI and FAII receptoracuity is primarily responsible for in
19、formation obtained from the motion of surfaces across the skin surface or,conversely, moving fingertips across surfaces. Such information is used to provide information on surface finish, orsmoothness, and to maintain an appropriate grip of objects (which is controlled by the detection of micro-slip
20、s).SAII receptors primarily signal skin stretch. Separate responses from SAI, FAI and FAII receptor populations canbe determined psychophysically by using precisely defined measurement conditions and vibrotactile stimulation atdifferent frequencies. In some circumstances, such as selective loss of r
21、eceptor function, it may not be possible toobtain separate thresholds from each population.Standardized methods for measuring vibrotactile perception thresholds are required to obtain meaningful results,and to compare results obtained using different apparatus. Without standardization, the threshold
22、s obtained bydifferent measurement methods may differ substantially, and often unpredictably, and so cannot be compared.Requirements for measurement methods and instruments stem from the properties of the mechanoreceptorpopulations from which they are designed to elicit responses. The overall goal o
23、f this part of ISO 13091 is to defineoptimized testing methods and measurement procedures.This part of ISO 13091 describes methods that are designed to yield equivalent results for measuring vibrotactileperception thresholds (VPTs) at the fingertips. The methods are applicable to healthy and disease
24、d persons, andare suitable for detailed clinical evaluation and for rapid screening. Values are recommended for all measurementparameters. Some parameters are specified by a central value with broad “tolerances” in recognition that differentvalues are currently in use. The central values given are t
25、he preferred values. Using the methods described, theVPT at one test frequency can be determined in approximately 1 min once the subject has been trained in themeasurement procedure (which may be completed in approximately 5 min). This information may be consideredsufficient for some screening appli
26、cations. ISO 13091-2 considers the analysis and interpretation of VPTs obtainedusing the methods specified in this part of ISO 13091.BS ISO 13091-1:2001ISO 13091-1:2001 (E) ISO 2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD1Mechanical vibration Vibrotactile perception thresholds for theassessment of nerve dysfunction P
27、art 1:Methods of measurement at the fingertips1 ScopeThis part of ISO 13091 specifiesGbe methods for measuring vibrotactile perception thresholds (VPTs) at the fingertips,Gbe procedures for conducting the measurements, andGbe the reporting of results.Measurement methods are defined in this part of I
28、SO 13091 for obtaining perception thresholds at the fingertipsmediated, separately, by SAI, FAI and FAII mechanoreceptor populations. The methods are designed to beapplicable to healthy and diseased persons, and to be suitable for clinical assessment and for screening purposes.The measurement of tem
29、porary shifts in vibrotactile perception threshold, or of thresholds at body sites other thanthe fingertip, is outside the scope of this part of ISO 13091.2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions ofthis pa
30、rt of ISO 13091. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publicationsdo not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 13091 are encouraged to investigate thepossibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicat
31、ed below. For undatedreferences, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintainregisters of currently valid International Standards.ISO 2041, Vibration and shock Vocabulary.ISO 5805, Mechanical vibration and shock Human exposure Vocabulary.IEC 60601
32、-1, Medical electrical equipment Part 1: General requirements for safety.3 Terms and definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this part of ISO 13091, the terms and definitions given in ISO 2041 and ISO 5805 apply,together with the following.ISO 13091-1:2
33、001 (E)BS ISO 13091-1:2001 ISO 201123.1.1pure toneoscillatory signal whose instantaneous magnitude is a sinusoidal function of time (i.e. at a single frequency)3.1.2tone burstintermittent pure-tone signal3.1.3gliding tonepure tone in which the frequency changes continually with time3.1.4equivalent f
34、requencyfrequency selected as representing the measurement “frequency” when frequency is changed with time during themeasurement of vibrotactile perception3.1.5total harmonic distortionpercentage pure-tone distortion expressed as 100 times the square root of the ratio of the sum of the squaredamplit
35、udes of harmonic components within a defined bandwidth to the squared amplitude of the fundamental3.1.6maskingmask,verbprocess by which the perception threshold for one stimulus is raised by the presence of another (masking) stimulusof the same or different frequency3.1.7forward maskingprocess by wh
36、ich perception of the test stimulus currently being presented to a subject is rendered undetectable bya previous test stimulus of the same or different frequency3.1.8mechanoreceptornerve ending specialized for transforming mechanical deformation of the skin into nerve impulses3.1.9mechanoreceptor-sp
37、ecific vibrotactile perception thresholdreceptor-specific vibrotactile perception thresholdvibrotactile perception threshold at which the stimulus is mediated by one population of mechanoreceptors at thepoint of stimulation3.1.10neutral positionposition naturally adopted by the hand when the hand an
38、d arm hang freely from the shoulder, when standing erectNOTE This position normally involves no flexion or extension of the wrist.3.1.11stimulatormeans for generating static indentation of the skin surface and/or continuous or intermittent oscillatory motion of theskin surface3.1.12probemeans by whi
39、ch external motional and oscillatory stimuli are coupled to the skin surfaceBS ISO 13091-1:2001ISO 13091-1:2001 (E) ISO 201133.1.13surroundstatic, rigid, flat surface on which a fingertip rests, containing a hole through which a probe may contact the skinsurface3.1.14contact forcestatic and dynamic
40、components of the force with which a stimulating or sensing probe contacts the skin3.1.15indentation of skindistance moved by the probe tip from the position of initial contact with the skin surface (where the contact force iszero) to the position at which thresholds are determined3.1.16aural cue(s)
41、sound caused by vibration of the stimulator3.1.17physiological “noise”human body motion, including vibration, naturally occurring from physiological functions such as blood flow, heartbeat, muscle tremor and respiration3.1.18background vibrationresidual vibration at the fingertip, in the absence of
42、the stimulus, when the subject is positioned to commencethreshold measurements with the stimulating probe in contact with the fingertipNOTE Background vibration can be caused by room vibration, the measurement apparatus and physiological “noise”.3.1.19psychometric functionfunction expressing the rel
43、ationship between the proportion, or percentage, of positive responses indicating astimulus has been detected by a subject and a physical measure of the magnitude of the stimulus3.1.20psychophysical algorithmmeasurement procedure in which physical stimuli are presented to a subject to elicit a prede
44、termined sensoryresponse, such as perceiving the presence or character of an externally applied skin motion3.1.21thresholdonset of the perception of a stimulus, or the loss of perception of a stimulus3.1.22ascending thresholdthreshold obtained when stimuli of successively increasing intensity are ap
45、plied to the skin until the stimulus isdetected3.1.23descending thresholdthreshold obtained when stimuli of successively decreasing intensity are applied to the skin until the stimulus is nolonger detected3.1.24vibrotactile perception thresholdskin surface acceleration level at which there is a 50 %
46、 positive response rate for detecting a pure-tone oscillatorystimulus in the psychometric functionBS ISO 13091-1:2001ISO 13091-1:2001 (E) ISO 201143.1.25threshold shiftchange in vibrotactile perception threshold from a previously established baseline value that persists in timeNOTE The baseline valu
47、e can be, for example, a previous vibrotactile perception threshold obtained from the samesubject. The baseline value can also be the mean threshold obtained from healthy persons of similar age without sign, symptomor history of peripheral neurological disease, or of exposure to neurotoxic agents or
48、 to hand-transmitted vibration. This subject isconsidered in ISO 13091-2.3.1.26temporary threshold shifttemporary elevation in the perception threshold (i.e. loss in acuity) that disappears with time3.1.27up-down algorithmpsychophysical measurement procedure in which two limiting thresholds (ascendi
49、ng and descending) aredetermined by presenting to a subject a sequence of short-duration stimuli, each of constant but different intensityNOTE The procedure commonly involves applying a sequence of stimuli with successively increasing intensity to the skinuntil the subject signals that a stimulus has been detected (ascending threshold). Successive stimuli are then decreased inintensity until the subject signals that the stimulus can no longer be felt (descending threshold). A “staircase” algorithm is an up-down algorithm in which the sequence of stimuli a
