1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 13164-2:2013Water quality Radon-222Part 2: Test method using gamma-rayspectrometryBS ISO 13164-2:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 13164-2:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
2、Committee EH/3, Water quality.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2
3、013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 71744 4ICS 13.060.60; 13.280; 17.240Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2013.Ame
4、ndments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 13164-2:2013 ISO 2013Water quality Radon-222 Part 2: Test method using gamma-ray spectrometryQualit de leau Radon 222 Partie 2: Mthode dessai par spectromtrie gammaINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO13164-2First edition2013-09-01Reference numberISO 1316
5、4-2:2013(E)BS ISO 13164-2:2013ISO 13164-2:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including p
6、hotocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09
7、 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 13164-2:2013ISO 13164-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms, definitions and symbols 23.1 Terms and definitions . 23.2 Symbols . 24 Principle 3
8、5 Sampling 35.1 General requirement 35.2 Sampling requirement 35.3 Sample volume 45.4 Container characteristics . 46 Transportation and storage 47 Detection . 48 Measurement procedure 59 Quality assurance and quality control programme . 59.1 General . 59.2 Influence quantities 59.3 Instrument verifi
9、cation 69.4 Method verification . 69.5 Demonstration of analyst capability 610 Expression of results 610.1 Activity concentration 610.2 Standard uncertainty of the activity concentration 710.3 Decision threshold . 710.4 Detection limit . 810.5 Confidence limits. 811 Test report . 8Annex A (informati
10、ve) Sample spectra 10Annex B (informative) Sample accuracy and precision data 12Bibliography .13BS ISO 13164-2:2013ISO 13164-2:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Int
11、ernational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison w
12、ith ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directive
13、s, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, www.iso.org/directives.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the
14、elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations rec
15、eived, www.iso.org/patents.Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 3, Radioactivity measurements.ISO 13164 consists of the f
16、ollowing parts, under the general title Water quality Radon-222: Part 1: General principles Part 2: Test method using gamma-ray spectrometry Part 3: Test method using emanometryThe following part is under preparation: Part 4: Test method using two-phase liquid scintillation countingiv ISO 2013 All r
17、ights reservedBS ISO 13164-2:2013ISO 13164-2:2013(E)IntroductionRadioactivity from several naturally occurring and human-made sources is present throughout the environment. Thus, water bodies (surface waters, groundwaters, sea waters) can contain radionuclides of natural and human-made origin. Natur
18、al radionuclides, including potassium-40, and those of the thorium and uranium decay series, in particular radium-226, radium-228, uranium-234, uranium-238, lead-210, can be found in water for natural reasons (e.g. desorption from the soil and wash-off by rain water) or releases from technological p
19、rocesses involving naturally occurring radioactive materials (e.g. the mining and processing of mineral sands or phosphate fertilizer production and use). Human-made radionuclides such as transuranium elements (americium, plutonium, neptunium, curium), tritium, carbon-14, strontium-90 and gamma-emit
20、ting radionuclides can also be found in natural waters as they can be authorized to be routinely released into the environment in small quantities in the effluent discharged from nuclear fuel cycle facilities and following their used in unsealed form in medicine or industry. They are also found in w
21、ater due to the past fallout of the explosion in the atmosphere of nuclear devices and the accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima.Drinking-water can thus contain radionuclides at activity concentration which could present a risk to human health. In order to assess the quality of drinking-water (includ
22、ing mineral waters and spring waters) with respect to its radionuclide content and to provide guidance on reducing health risks by taking measures to decrease radionuclide activity concentrations, water resources (groundwater, river, lake, sea, etc.) and drinking water are monitor for their radioact
23、ivity content as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).Standard test methods for radon-222 activity concentrations in water samples are needed by test laboratories carrying out such measurements in fulfillment of national authority requirements. Laboratories may have to obtain a specifi
24、c accreditation for radionuclide measurement in drinking water samples.The radon activity concentration in surface water is very low, usually below 1 Bq l1. In groundwater, the activity concentration varies from 1 Bq l1up to 50 Bq l1in sedimentary rock aquifers, from 10 Bq l1up to 300 Bq l1in wells,
25、 and from 100 Bq l1up to 1 000 Bq l1in crystalline rocks. The highest activity concentrations are normally measured in rocks with high concentration of uranium (Reference 7).High variations in the activity concentrations of radon in aquifers have been observed. Even in a region with relatively unifo
26、rm rock types, some well water may exhibit radon activity concentration greatly higher than the average value for the same region. Significant seasonal variations have also been recorded (see Annex A).Water may dissolve chemical substances as it passes from the soil surface to an aquifer or spring w
27、aters. The water may pass through or remain for some time in rock, some formations of which may contain a high concentration of natural radionuclides. Under favourable geochemical conditions, the water may selectively dissolve some of these natural radionuclides.Guidance on radon in drinking-water s
28、upplies provided by WHO in 2008 suggests that controls should be implemented if the radon concentration of drinking-water for public water supplies exceeds 100 Bq l1. It also recommended that any new, especially public, drinking-water supply using groundwater should be tested prior to being used for
29、 general consumption and that if the radon concentration exceeds 100 Bq l1, treatment of the water source should be undertaken to reduce the radon levels to well below that level (Reference 8).This International Standard is one of a series dealing with the measurement of the activity concentration o
30、f radionuclides in water samples.The origin of radon-222 and its short-lived decay products in water and other measurement methods are described generally in ISO 13164-1. ISO 2013 All rights reserved vBS ISO 13164-2:2013BS ISO 13164-2:2013Water quality Radon-222 Part 2: Test method using gamma-ray s
31、pectrometryWARNING Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory practice. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to e
32、nsure compliance with any national regulatory conditions.IMPORTANT It is absolutely essential that tests conducted in accordance with this document be carried out by suitably qualified staff.1 ScopeThis part of ISO 13164 specifies a test method for the determination of radon-222 activity concentrati
33、on in a sample of water following the measurement of its short-lived decay products by direct gamma-spectrometry of the water sample (see Annex A).The radon-222 activity concentrations, which can be measured by this test method utilizing currently available gamma-ray instruments, range from a few be
34、cquerels per litre to several hundred thousand becquerels per litre for a 1 l test sample.This test method can be used successfully with drinking water samples. The laboratory is responsible for ensuring the validity of this test method for water samples of untested matrices.Annex B gives indication
35、 on the necessary counting conditions to meet the required sensitivity for drinking water monitoring.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the late
36、st edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 5667-1, Water quality Sampling Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniquesISO 5667-3, Water quality Sampling Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samplesISO 10703, Water quality Deter
37、mination of the activity concentration of radionuclides Method by high resolution gamma-ray spectrometryISO 13164-1, Water quality Radon-222 Part 1: General principlesISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesISO 80000-10, Quantities and units Part
38、 10: Atomic and nuclear physicsIEC 60973, Test procedures for germanium gamma-ray detectorsIEC 61151, Nuclear instrumentation Amplifiers and preamplifiers used with detectors of ionizing radiation Test proceduresINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13164-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 13164-2:
39、2013ISO 13164-2:2013(E)IEC 61452, Nuclear instrumentation Measurement of gamma-ray emission rates of radionuclides Calibration and use of germanium spectrometers3 Terms, definitions and symbols3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 80000-10
40、 and ISO 13164-1 apply.3.2 SymbolsFor the purposes of this document, the symbols defined in ISO 80000-10, ISO 13164-1, and the following apply.A activity of each radionuclide in calibration source, at the calibration time, in becquerelscAactivity concentration of radon in water, in becquerels per li
41、trecAdecision threshold, in becquerels per litrecA#detection limit, in becquerels per litrecA, cAlower and upper limits of the confidence interval, in becquerels per litrefdcorrection factor for the decay of radon during time interval between sampling and measuring and for the decay of the radionucl
42、ide being measured (214Bi or 214Pb) over the counting time, dimensionlesskp, kqquantiles of the standardized normal distribution for the probabilities, p, q, respectivelynb,E, nb0,E, nbs,Enumber of counts in the background of the peak, at energy, E, in the sample spec-trum, in the background spectru
43、m and in the calibration spectrum, respectivelyng,E, ng0,E, ngs,Enumber of counts in the gross area of the peak, at energy, E, in the sample spec-trum, in the background spectrum and in the calibration spectrum, respectivelynN,E, nN0,E, nNs,Enumber of counts in the net area of the peak, at energy, E
44、, in the sample spec-trum, in the background spectrum and in the calibration spectrum, respectivelyPEprobability of the emission of a gamma-ray with energy, E, of each radionuclide, per decayt0background spectrum counting time, in secondstgsample spectrum counting time, in secondstscalibration spect
45、rum counting time, in secondsU expanded uncertainty calculated by U = ku(cA) with k = 2u(cA) standard uncertainty associated with the measurement resultVHO2volume of test sample, in litres2 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 13164-2:2013ISO 13164-2:2013(E), probability of the error of the first and
46、second kind, respectively probability for the confidence interval of the activity concentrationEefficiency of the detector at energy, E222Rndecay constant of radon-222, in reciprocal seconds distribution function of the standardized normal distribution4 PrincipleThe determination of radon activity c
47、oncentration in water using direct gamma-ray spectrometry is based on the: collection and storage in a suitable container of a representative sample of the water at time, t; detection and quantification of gamma-radiation emitted by the short-lived decay products of the radon present in the water sa
48、mple (see Table 1).Table 1 Energies and emission probability of the main X- and gamma-ray emission of short-lived 222Rn decay products (Reference 5)RadionuclideHalf-life Energy Probability of emissionmin keV %214Pb 26,8351,93 35,60295,22 18,50214Bi 19,9609,31 45,491 764,49 15,281 120,29 14,9071 238,
49、11 5,827The activity concentration is computed from the decay product activity measured and the volume of the sample having the radon in equilibrium with its decay products.5 Sampling5.1 General requirementThe sample shall be representative of the environment to be analysed at a given time.5.2 Sampling requirementThe sampling shall be carried out in compliance with the conditions and techniques specified in ISO 5667-1, ISO 5667-3, and ISO 13164-1.The sample shall be transferred directl
