1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 13164-3:2013Water quality Radon-222Part 3: Test method using emanometryBS ISO 13164-3:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 13164-3:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee E
2、H/3, Water quality.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Publis
3、hed by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 71745 1ICS 13.060.60; 13.280; 17.240Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2013.Amendments iss
4、ued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 13164-3:2013 ISO 2013Water quality Radon-222 Part 3: Test method using emanometryQualit de leau Radon 222 Partie 3: Mthode dessai par manomtrieINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO13164-3First edition2013-09-01Reference numberISO 13164-3:2013(E)BS ISO 13164-3:2013IS
5、O 13164-3:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the i
6、nternet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb ww
7、w.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 13164-3:2013ISO 13164-3:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms, definitions and symbols 23.1 Terms and definitions . 23.2 Symbols . 24 Principle 35 Sampling 35.1 General requirem
8、ent 35.2 Sampling requirement 35.3 Sample volume 35.4 Container characteristics . 36 Transportation and storage 47 Transfer of radon by degassing . 47.1 Purpose 47.2 Principle 48 Detection . 48.1 Objective . 48.2 Principle 48.3 Silver-activated zinc sulfide ZnS(Ag) scintillation 48.4 Air ionization
9、58.5 Semiconductor (alpha-detection). 59 Quality assurance and quality control programme . 59.1 General . 59.2 Influence quantities 59.3 Instrument verification 69.4 Method verification . 69.5 Demonstration of analyst capability 610 Expression of results 610.1 Activity concentration 610.2 Standard u
10、ncertainty of the activity concentration 710.3 Decision threshold and detection limit 710.4 Confidence limits. 711 Calibration 712 Test report . 7Annex A (informative) Examples of measurement methods using scintillation cells . 9Annex B (informative) Example of a measurement method using an ionizati
11、on chamber 17Bibliography .23BS ISO 13164-3:2013ISO 13164-3:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
12、committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with
13、the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for
14、 the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, www.iso.org/directives.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO
15、shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received, www.iso.org/patents.Any trade name used in this document is
16、information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 3, Radioactivity measurements.ISO 13164 consists of the following parts, under the general title Water quality Radon-222: Pa
17、rt 1: General principles Part 2: Test method using gamma-ray spectrometry Part 3: Test method using emanometryThe following part is under preparation: Part 4: Test method using two-phase liquid scintillation countingiv ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 13164-3:2013ISO 13164-3:2013(E)IntroductionRad
18、ioactivity from several naturally occurring and human-made sources is present throughout the environment. Thus, water bodies (surface waters, groundwaters, sea waters) can contain radionuclides of natural and human-made origin. Natural radionuclides, including potassium-40, and those of the thorium
19、and uranium decay series, in particular radium-226, radium-228, uranium-234, uranium-238, lead-210, can be found in water for natural reasons (e.g. desorption from the soil and wash-off by rain water) or releases from technological processes involving naturally occurring radioactive materials (e.g.
20、the mining and processing of mineral sands or phosphate fertilizer production and use). Human-made radionuclides such as transuranium elements (americium, plutonium, neptunium, curium), tritium, carbon-14, strontium-90 and gamma-emitting radionuclides can also be found in natural waters as they can
21、be authorized to be routinely released into the environment in small quantities in the effluent discharged from nuclear fuel cycle facilities and following their used in unsealed form in medicine or industry. They are also found in water due to the past fallout of the explosion in the atmosphere of
22、nuclear devices and the accidents at Chernobyl and Fukushima.Drinking-water can thus contain radionuclides at activity concentration which could present a risk to human health. In order to assess the quality of drinking-water (including mineral waters and spring waters) with respect to its radionucl
23、ide content and to provide guidance on reducing health risks by taking measures to decrease radionuclide activity concentrations, water resources (groundwater, river, lake, sea, etc.) and drinking water are monitor for their radioactivity content as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO)
24、.Standard test methods for radon-222 activity concentrations in water samples are needed by test laboratories carrying out such measurements in fulfillment of national authority requirements. Laboratories may have to obtain a specific accreditation for radionuclide measurement in drinking water samp
25、les.The radon activity concentration in surface water is very low, usually below 1 Bq l1. In groundwater, the activity concentration varies from 1 Bq l1up to 50 Bq l1in sedimentary rock aquifers, from 10 Bq l1up to 300 Bq l1in wells, and from 100 Bq l1up to 1 000 Bq l1in crystalline rocks. The highe
26、st activity concentrations are normally measured in rocks with high concentration of uranium (Reference 15).High variations in the activity concentrations of radon in aquifers have been observed. Even in a region with relatively uniform rock types, some well water may exhibit radon activity concentr
27、ation greatly higher than the average value for the same region. Significant seasonal variations have also been recorded (see Annex A).Water may dissolve chemical substances as it passes from the soil surface to an aquifer or spring waters. The water may pass through or remain for some time in rock,
28、 some formations of which may contain a high concentration of natural radionuclides. Under favourable geochemical conditions, the water may selectively dissolve some of these natural radionuclides.Guidance on radon in drinking-water supplies provided by WHO in 2008 suggests that controls should be i
29、mplemented if the radon concentration of drinking-water for public water supplies exceeds 100 Bq l1. It also recommended that any new, especially public, drinking-water supply using groundwater should be tested prior to being used for general consumption and that if the radon concentration exceeds 1
30、00 Bq l1, treatment of the water source should be undertaken to reduce the radon levels to well below that level (Reference 16).This International Standard is one of a series dealing with the measurement of the activity concentration of radionuclides in water samples.The origin of radon-222 and its
31、short-lived decay products in water and other measurement methods are described generally in ISO 13164-1. ISO 2013 All rights reserved vBS ISO 13164-3:2013BS ISO 13164-3:2013Water quality Radon-222 Part 3: Test method using emanometryWARNING Persons using this document should be familiar with normal
32、 laboratory practice. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions.IMPORTANT It is abso
33、lutely essential that tests conducted in accordance with this document be carried out by suitably qualified staff.1 ScopeThis part of ISO 13164 specifies a test method for the determination of radon-222 activity concentration in a sample of water following its transfer from the aqueous phase to the
34、air phase by degassing and its detection. It gives recommendations for rapid measurements performed within less than 1 h.The radon-222 activity concentrations, which can be measured by this test method utilizing currently available instruments, range from 0,1 Bq l1to several hundred thousand becquer
35、els per litre for a 100 ml test sample.This test method is used successfully with drinking water samples. The laboratory is responsible for ensuring the validity of this test method for water samples of untested matrices.This test method can be applied on field sites or in the laboratory.Annexes A a
36、nd B give indications on the necessary counting conditions to meet the required sensitivity for drinking water monitoring.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
37、 references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 5667-1, Water quality Sampling Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniquesISO 5667-3, Water quality Sampling Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samplesISO 11929
38、, Determination of the characteristic limits (decision threshold, detection limit and limits of the confidence interval) for measurements of ionizing radiation Fundamentals and applicationISO 13164-1, Water quality Radon-222 Part 1: General principlesISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the compe
39、tence of testing and calibration laboratoriesISO 80000-10, Quantities and units Part 10: Atomic and nuclear physicsIEC 61577-1, Radiation protection instrumentation Radon and radon decay product measuring instruments Part 1: General principlesINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13164-3:2013(E) ISO 2013 All r
40、ights reserved 1BS ISO 13164-3:2013ISO 13164-3:2013(E)IEC 61577-2, Radiation protection instrumentation Radon and radon decay product measuring instruments Part 2: Specific requirements for radon measuring instruments3 Terms, definitions and symbols3.1 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this d
41、ocument, the terms and definitions given in ISO 80000-10 and ISO 13164-1 apply.3.2 SymbolsFor the purposes of this document, the symbols defined in ISO 80000-10. ISO 13164-1, and the following apply.c measured radon activity concentration in the air of the measuring system after degassing, in becque
42、rels per cubic metrec0radon activity concentration in the air of the measuring system before degassing, in becque-rels per cubic metrecAactivity concentration of radon in water, in becquerels per litrecAdecision threshold, in becquerels per litrecA#detection limit, in becquerels per litrecA, cAlower
43、 and upper limits of the confidence interval, in becquerels per litrefcconversion factor from cubic metre to litre: 0,001fdcorrection factor for the decay of radon during time interval t, dimensionlesskp, kqquantiles of the standardized normal distribution for the probabilities, p and q, respectivel
44、yL Ostwald coefficientTHO2water temperature, in Celsiust time interval between the sampling and the measurement, in secondsU expanded uncertainty calculated by U = ku(cA) with k = 2u(cA) standard uncertainty associated with the measurement resultVHO2volume of test sample, in litresVavolume of air in
45、 the measurement system, in cubic metres, probability of the error of the first and second kind, respectively probability for the confidence interval of the activity concentration decay constant of radon-222, in reciprocal second distribution function of the standardized normal distribution2 ISO 201
46、3 All rights reservedBS ISO 13164-3:2013ISO 13164-3:2013(E)4 PrincipleThe determination of radon-222 activity concentration in water by degassing into the air phase is based on the: collection of a representative sample of the water at time t in a suitable container; transfer of radon dissolved in t
47、he water to the air phase by degassing; detection of the alpha-radiation emitted by the radon or its solid decay products present in the air.The radon activity concentration in the water is determined from the activity concentration in the air phase, taking account of the Ostwald coefficient (see IS
48、O 13164-1).5 Sampling5.1 General requirementThe sample shall be representative of the environment to be analysed at a given time.5.2 Sampling requirementThe sampling shall be carried out in compliance with the conditions and techniques specified in ISO 5667-1, ISO 5667-3, and ISO 13164-1. The temper
49、ature of the water shall be measured and recorded during the sampling process.Fill the container completely and fit the cap in such a way as to avoid the presence of air above the sample.The container shall be filled in such a way as to avoid degassing the radon in the water sample. The sampling techniques to be used vary according to the actual situation.When the analytical laboratory is not in charge of sampling, the laboratory shall supply the container for the measurement and specify
