1、BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 14420:2005Carbonaceous products for the production of aluminium Baked anodes and shaped carbon products Determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion ICS 71.100.10g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g4
2、0g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS ISO 14420:2005This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 24 August 2005 BSI 24 August 2005ISBN 0 580 46452 0National forewordThis Bri
3、tish Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 14420:2005 and implements it as the UK national standard.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CII/24, Raw materials for the aluminium industry, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represented on this c
4、ommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” fac
5、ility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligation
6、s. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.Summary of pagesThi
7、s document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to iv, pages 1 to 5 and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsReference numberISO 14
8、420:2005(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO14420First edition2005-07-01Carbonaceous products for the production of aluminium Baked anodes and shaped carbon products Determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion Produits carbons utiliss pour la production de laluminium Anodes cuites et produ
9、its carbons forms Dtermination du coefficient de dilatation thermique BS ISO 14420:2005ii iiiForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried
10、 out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
11、 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare Internation
12、al Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elem
13、ents of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 14420 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 226, Materials for the production of primary aluminium. BS ISO 14420:2005iv Introduction This International
14、 Standard is based on DIN 51909:1984 prepared by the committee NMP 281 “Prfverfahren fr Kohlenstoff und Graphit” in DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e.V., Berlin. BS ISO 14420:20051Carbonaceous products for the production of aluminium Baked anodes and shaped carbon products Determination of the coe
15、fficient of linear thermal expansion 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method to determine the coefficient of linear thermal expansion of carbonaceous or graphite materials (solid materials) for the production of aluminium between 20 C and 300 C. It applies to baked anodes and shaped c
16、arbon products. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 6906,
17、Vernier callipers reading to 0,02 mm ISO 3611, Micrometer callipers for external measurement DIN 1333, Presentation of numerical data 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 linear thermal expansion coefficient thermal expansion coeff
18、icient () correlated with the length change of a body with temperature NOTE The linear thermal expansion coefficient is calculated from the following formula. ()1ddlal= (1) where ( ) is the linear expansion coefficient; l is the length of the test specimen at temperature ; ddlis the length change wi
19、th temperature. BS ISO 14420:20052 3.2 average linear thermal expansion coefficient average linear expansion coefficient (1,2)correlated with the length change of a body with temperature NOTE The average linear expansion coefficient is calculated from the following formula ()2112121111;ll l = =(2) 2
20、1 = (3) 21ll l= (4) where 1is the lower limit of the temperature interval, in C; 2is the upper limit of the temperature interval, in C; l1is the length of the test specimen, in mm, at temperature 1; l2is the length of the test specimen at temperature 2; is the mean linear thermal expansion coefficie
21、nt, in units of 1/K, of the sample holder and the push-rod for the temperature range under consideration. 4 Principle The average linear thermal expansion coefficient is determined by means of a push-rod dilatometer. The test specimen is contained in a sample holder made from low-expansivity materia
22、l (such as flint glass). It is heated in a furnace and the length change is transmitted to a mechanical, optical, or electronic measuring system outside the furnace by a push-rod. The average linear thermal expansion coefficient is calculated from the measured length change, the original length, and
23、 the temperature change of the test specimen, taking the expansion of the sample holder and the push-rod into account. Unless otherwise stated, the determination is performed between a lower limit for the temperature interval of 20 C (i.e. room temperature) and an upper limit for the temperature int
24、erval of 300 C max. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Dilatometer, with sample holder and push-rod, for example, made from flint glass, as well as a mechanical, optical or electronic length-measurement device (error limits 0,5 m), for temperatures above 300 C in a vacuum or in a protective gas atmosphere; 5.2 Furnace
25、, capable of holding the temperature constant to within 0,5 % over the length of the test specimen; 5.3 Temperature-measuring device, for example, a thermocouple with indicating instrument, accurate to within 0,5 %, to determine the average test-specimen temperature; 5.4 Instrument for measuring len
26、gths, with error limit of 0,2 %, for example vernier calliper according to ISO 6906 or micrometer calliper according to ISO 3611; 5.5 Calibration samples, made from materials with known thermal expansivity in the range of the material to be measured and made with similar geometry. The thermal expans
27、ivity of calibration samples shall have been predetermined by the producer of the measuring equipment or by a recognised calibration authority. BS ISO 14420:200536 Specimens Prepare a test specimen of cylindrical or prismatic geometry. The cylinder diameter or the prism transverse edge length shall
28、be at least twice the diameter of the largest structural constituent (for example maximum grain size) of the material to be examined, and in no case smaller than 4 mm (typically 30 to 50 mm). The length of the test specimens shall be at least 25 mm, but preferably should be 50 mm to 120 mm. The test
29、 specimens shall be machined on all surfaces by turning or grinding, so that the surfaces in contact with the push-rod do not deviate from plane parallelism by more than 0,2 mm. A hole of minimum 1 mm depth may be drilled in the middle of a long side of the test specimen to hold the joint of the the
30、rmocouple. Remove existing stresses in a test specimen by annealing at 1 000 C in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. 7 Procedure 7.1 Calibration Calibrate the dilatometer according to 7.2 using calibrated samples. 7.2 Measurement Measure the sample length l1of the test specimen at temperature 1. Insert the
31、 test specimen into the dilatometer, taking care that the specimen ends are firmly in contact with the push-rod. Insert the joint of the thermocouple into the hole in the side of the test specimen where required. Measure the original length l1of the test specimen at the lower limit of the temperatur
32、e interval 1. If the push-rod planes contacting the specimen end surfaces are not spherically or conically shaped, use connecting pieces to realize a point contact to the specimen end planes. At the beginning of the measurement, set the measuring system to zero by either adjusting the zero point of
33、the apparatus, or marking on the recording chart or the photosensitive paper. When using double dilatometers, with the two dilatometer motions recorded orthogonally, the assignment of the recording axes to the dilatometers shall also be determined and recorded. Position the furnace (which may be pre
34、heated) around the sample holder. Allow the test specimen to attain the upper limit of the temperature interval 2. Then measure and record the length of the test specimen l2. If the upper limit of the temperature interval 2is above 300 C, avoid oxidation of the test specimen by applying a suitable p
35、rotection gas or vacuum. 8 Evaluation Calculate the average linear expansion coefficient, in units of 1/K, according to the following equation: 1(; )2112 k k12111ll l = = (5) where 1is the lower limit of the temperature interval, in C; 2is the upper limit of the temperature interval, in C; l1is the
36、length of the test specimen, in mm, at temperature 1; BS ISO 14420:20054 l2is the length of the test specimen, in mm, at temperature 2. kis the mean linear thermal expansion coefficient, in units of 1/K, of the sample holder and the push-rod for the temperature range under consideration. Rounding to
37、 the last significant decimal place shall be done in accordance with DIN 1333. 9 Test report The test report shall include the following information: a) type and marking of specimens; b) a reference to this International Standard; c) pretreatment of the specimens, if relevant; d) number of specimens
38、; e) temperature range of measurement; f) average linear thermal expansion coefficient, in units of 106 K1, rounded to the nearest 0,1 106 K1, individual values, mean value; g) agreed conditions deviating from this International Standard; h) test date. 10 Precision The precision of this method has b
39、een calculated according to ASTM E691, resulting in the following values: The repeatability: r = 0,1 m/mK The reproducibility: R = 0,17 m/mK BS ISO 14420:20055Bibliography 1 DIN 863-1, Verification of geometrical parameters Micrometers Part 1: Standard design micrometer callipers for external measur
40、ement; concepts, requirements, testing 2 DIN 1319-3, Fundamentals of metrology Part 3: Evaluation of measurements of a single measurand, measurement uncertainty 3 DIN 51045-1, Determination of the thermal expansion of solids Part 1: Basic rules 4 DIN 51045-2, Determination of the change of length of
41、 solids by thermal effect; testing of fired fine ceramic materials 5 DIN 51045-3, Determination of the change of length of solids by thermal effect; testing of non-fired fine ceramic materials 6 DIN 51045-4, Determination of the change of length of solids by thermal effect; testing of fired ordinary
42、 ceramic materials 7 DIN 51045-5, Determination of the change of length of solids by thermal effect; testing of non-fired ordinary ceramic materials 8 DIN 51909:1998, Testing of carbon materials Determination of coefficient of linear thermal expansion Solid materials 9 ASTM C372, Standard method of
43、test for linear thermal expansion of fired whiteware products by the dilatometer method (reapproved 1970) 10 ASTM E691, Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method 11 KOHLRAUSCH, F., Praktische Physik, Stuttgart 1968, Vol. 1, pp. 316 to 319,
44、Chapter 4.3.2 “Wrmeausdehnung” 12 METZ, A., A new all-purpose dilatometer according to Bollenrath (in German), ATM 303 (1961) R 61 to R 72 13 THORMANN, P., Investigations with a dilatometer in the field of ceramic raw materials and materials (in German), Ber. dt. Keram. Ges. 46 (1969), pp. 583 to 58
45、6 14 THORMANN, P., Precision of dilatometric investigations and their significance in ceramic laboratories (in German), Ber. dt. Keram. Ges. 47 (1970), pp. 769 to 773 15 OTTO, J. and THOMAS, W., The thermal Expansion of Quartz Glass in the Temperature Range O to 1060C (in German), Z. f. Phys. 175 (1
46、963), pp. 334 to 337 BS ISO 14420:2005BS ISO 14420:2005BSI389 Chiswick High RoadLondonW4 4ALBSI British Standards InstitutionBSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is incorpor
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