1、BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 14686:2003Incorporating Amendment No. 1Hydrometric determinations Pumping tests for water wells Considerations and guidelines for design, performance and useICS 07.060g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g
2、51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58BS ISO 14686:2003This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 24 July 2003 BSI 15 March 2006ISBN 0 580 42314 XNational forewordThis British Standard
3、reproduces verbatim ISO 14686:2003 and implements it as the UK national standard. It supersedes BS 6316:1992 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee CPI/113, Hydrometry, to Subcommittee CPI/113/8, Wells and boreholes, which has the responsibili
4、ty to: A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standa
5、rds Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard d
6、oes not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European dev
7、elopments and promulgate them in the UK.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to vi, pages 1 to 58, an inside back cover and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issu
8、ed.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Comments16220 March 2006 Addition of supersession detailsReference numberISO 14686:2003(E)NINRETOITALAN ADNATSDR OSI16864tide tsriFino3002-0751-Hydrometric determinations Pumping tests for water wells Considerations and guidelines for design, perfo
9、rmance and use Dterminations hydromtriques Essais de pompage pour puits deau Considrations et lignes directrices pour la conception, lexcution et lutilisation Referecne unbmerOSI 68641002:)E(3INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO14686First edition2003-07-15yHmordetirc deetmrintaions uPmpnig stset w rofw retaes
10、ll isnoCdoitaresn dna iugniledf seoised r,ng freporecnam esu dna retDmanitoisn yhrdmortiqseu sEssia ed opapmeg ruop pstiu uaed oC sndiritasno te lingse ridcetricse ruop c alocnitpe,no xelcitute no litusilatoin BS ISO 14686:2003IS:68641 O3002(E) ii BS ISO 14686:2003IS:68641 O3002(E) iiiContents Page
11、Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Terms and definitions. 1 3 Hydrogeological considerations . 5 4 Pre-test planning. 7 5 Pre-test observations . 20 6 Pumping test . 22 7 Special tests 27 8 Post-test observations . 31 9 Presentation of information . 31 Annex A (informative) Well construction . 3
12、4 Annex B (informative) Groundwater conditions and aquifer states 35 Annex C (informative) Water-level and discharge-measuring devices. 37 Annex D (informative) Well development. 48 Annex E (informative) Geophysical logging 54 Annex F (informative) Examples of forms for data collection . 55 Bibliogr
13、aphy . 57 BS ISO 14686:2003IS:68641 O3002(E) iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each m
14、ember body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
15、Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards a
16、dopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of p
17、atent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 14686 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 113, Hydrometric determinations, Subcommittee SC 8, Ground water. BS ISO 14686:2003IS:68641 O3002(E) vIntroduction Pumping tests are normally carried ou
18、t to obtain data with which to: a) assess the hydraulic behaviour of a well and so determine its ability to yield water, predict its performance under different pumping regimes, select the most suitable pump for long-term use and give some estimate of probable pumping costs; b) determine the hydraul
19、ic properties of the aquifer or aquifers which yield water to the well; these properties include the transmissivity and related hydraulic conductivities, storage coefficient, and the presence, type and distance of any hydraulic boundaries; and c) determine the effects of pumping upon neighbouring we
20、lls, watercourses or spring discharges. A pumping test also provides a good opportunity to obtain information on water quality and its variation with time and perhaps with discharge rate. These matters are not dealt with in detail in this International Standard. When water is pumped from a well, the
21、 head in the well is lowered, creating a drawdown or head loss and setting up a localized hydraulic gradient that causes water to flow to the well from the surrounding aquifer. The head in the aquifer is also reduced and the effect spreads outwards from the well. A cone of depression of the potentio
22、metric surface is thus formed around the well and the shape and the manner of expansion of this cone depend on the pumping rate and on the hydraulic properties of the aquifer. By recording the changes in the position of the potentiometric surface in observation wells located around the pumping well,
23、 it is possible to monitor the growth of the cone of depression and determine these hydraulic characteristics. The form of the cone of depression immediately around the well will generally be modified because additional head losses are incurred as the water crosses the well face. The drawdown may be
24、 considered to consist of two components: a) head loss through the aquifer; and b) head loss in the well. Consequently, there are two test objectives: an understanding of the characteristics of the well and those of the aquifer. A test may be performed to serve either of these two main objectives. I
25、f they are satisfied, it may be said that the hydraulic regime of the well and aquifer has been evaluated. However, it needs to be understood that other information, particularly about other factors affecting recharge, will be required to predict the long-term effects of abstraction. It needs to be
26、recognized that there are inherent difficulties involved in carrying out a pumping test, e.g. making many physical measurements. In part, these arise from the tendency of the measurement process or equipment to change the quantity being measured. For example, the drilling of boreholes to investigate
27、 the hydraulic regime of an aquifer may disturb that hydraulic regime by providing vertical communication between aquifer levels containing water at different heads. A second difficulty involves sampling. Only rarely will a cone of depression be circular and symmetrical; the relatively few observati
28、on boreholes that are usually available in effect provide a limited number of sampling points with which to determine the form of the cone. It is important that these limitations and difficulties are kept clearly in mind when designing and analysing a pumping test and, in particular, when using the
29、results. Figure 1 indicates the normal sequence of events in a pumping test. BS ISO 14686:2003IS:68641 O3002(E) vi Figure 1 Typical pumping-test procedure BS ISO 14686:2003INTENRATIONAL TSANDADR IS:68641 O3002(E)1Hydrometric determinations Pumping tests for water wells Considerations and guidelines
30、for design, performance and use 1 Scope This International Standard describes the factors to be considered and the measurements to be made when designing and performing a pumping test, in addition to a set of guidelines for field practice to take account of the diversity of objectives, aquifers, gro
31、undwater conditions, available technology and legal contexts. The standard specifies the fundamental components required of any pumping test. It also indicates how they may be varied to take account of particular local conditions. It deals with the usual types of pumping test carried out for water-s
32、upply purposes, in which water is abstracted from the entire screened, perforated or unlined interval(s) of a well. Interpretation of the data collected during a pumping test is referred to in this International Standard only in a general way. For full details of the analysis and interpretation of t
33、est data, reference should be made to specialized texts. Examples of such texts are included in a selected bibliography. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 abstraction removal of water from a borehole or well 2.2 access tube pipe
34、 inserted into a well to permit installation of instruments, and safeguarding them from touching or becoming entangled with the pump or other equipment in the well 2.3 aquifer lithological unit, group of lithological units, or part of a lithological unit containing sufficient saturated permeable mat
35、erial to yield significant quantities of water to wells, boreholes or springs 2.4 aquifer loss head loss at a pumped or overflowing well associated with groundwater flow through the aquifer to the well face 2.5 aquifer properties properties of an aquifer that determine its hydraulic behaviour and it
36、s response to abstraction 2.6 borehole a hole, usually vertical, bored to determine ground conditions, for extraction of water or measurement of groundwater level BS ISO 14686:2003IS:68641 O3002(E) 2 2.7 casing tubular retaining structure, which is installed in a drilled borehole or excavated well,
37、to maintain the borehole opening NOTE Plain casing prevents the entry of water. 2.8 column pipe that part of the rising main within the well 2.9 cone of depression that portion of the potentiometric surface that is perceptibly lowered as a result of abstraction of groundwater from a well 2.10 confin
38、ing bed bed or body of impermeable material stratigraphically adjacent to an aquifer and restricting or reducing natural flow of groundwater to or from the aquifer 2.11 discharge volumetric flow rate 2.12 drawdown reduction in static head within the aquifer resulting from abstraction 2.13 filter pac
39、k granular material introduced into a borehole between the aquifer and a screen or perforated lining to prevent or control the movement of particles from the aquifer into the well 2.14 flow, steady flow in which parameters such as velocity, pressure, density and temperature do not vary sufficiently
40、with time to affect the required accuracy of measurement 2.15 flow, uniform flow in which the magnitude and direction of flow at a given moment are constant with respect to distance 2.16 foot valve non-return valve fitted at the bottom of a suction pipe of a pump 2.17 groundwater water within the sa
41、turated zone 2.18 hydraulic conductivity volume of water at the existing kinematic viscosity that will move in unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured perpendicular to the direction of flow NOTE This definition assumes an isotropic medium in which the pores are complet
42、ely filled with water. BS ISO 14686:2003IS:68641 O3002(E) 32.19 hydraulic gradient change in static head per unit of distance in a given direction 2.20 hydrogeology study of subsurface water in its geological context 2.21 impermeable material material that does not permit water to move through it at
43、 perceptible rates under the hydraulic gradients normally present 2.22 incompetent stratum stratum unable to stand without support 2.23 isotropic having the same properties in all directions 2.24 lining tube or wall used to support the sides of a well, and sometimes to prevent the entry of water 2.2
44、5 lining tube preformed tube used as the lining for a well NOTE See also casing (2.7) and screen (2.39) 2.26 lithology physical character and mineralogical composition that give rise to the appearance and properties of a rock 2.27 observation well well used for observing groundwater head or quality
45、2.28 overflowing well well from which groundwater is discharged at the ground surface without the aid of pumping NOTE A deprecated term for this type of well is an artesian well. 2.29 permeability characteristic of a material that determines the rate at which fluids pass through it under the influen
46、ce of differential pressure 2.30 permeable material material that permits water to move through it at perceptible rates under the hydraulic gradients normally present 2.31 phreatic surface upper boundary of an unconfined groundwater body, at which the water pressure is equal to atmospheric BS ISO 14
47、686:2003IS:68641 O3002(E) 4 2.32 potentiometric surface surface that represents the static head of groundwater 2.33 radius of influence radius of the cone of depression 2.34 rest water level water level in the pumped well observed under equilibrium conditions when the pump is off 2.35 rising main pi
48、pe carrying water from within a well to a point of discharge 2.36 rock natural mass of one or more minerals that may be consolidated or loose (excluding top soil) 2.37 running plot graph of a variable against elapsed time continually updated as measurements are taken 2.38 saturated zone that part of
49、 the earthen material, normally beneath the water table, in which all voids are filled with water 2.39 screen type of lining tube, with apertures designed to permit the flow of water into a well while preventing the entry of aquifer or filter pack material 2.40 slurry mixture of fluid and rock fragments formed when drilling or developing a borehole 2.41 specific capacity rate of discharge of water from a well divided by the drawdown within the well 2.42 specific yield ratio of the volume of water which can be drained by gravity from an initially satur
