1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58man-machine interface for hand-transmitted vibrationICS 17.160Mechanical vibration and shock Coupli
2、ng forces at the BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 15230:2007BS ISO 15230:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 55796 5Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Commentscontract. Users are respo
3、nsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 15230:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee GME/21, Mechanical vibra
4、tion, shock and condition monitoring, to Subcommittee GME/21/6, Human exposure to mechanical vibration and shock.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a Reference
5、numberISO 15230:2007(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO15230First edition2007-07-01Mechanical vibration and shock Coupling forces at the man-machine interface for hand-transmitted vibration Vibrations et chocs mcaniques Forces de couplage linterface homme-machine en cas de vibrations transmises par les ma
6、ins BS ISO 15230:2007ii iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 1 2.1 Symbols . 1 2.2 Subscripts . 2 3 Parameters at man-machine interface 2 3.1 Pressure exerted on skin . 2 3.2 Push/pull force 3 3.3 Guiding force. 4 3.4 Lifting force . 5 3.5 Grippin
7、g force . 5 3.6 Feed force 6 3.7 Contact forces. 6 3.8 Coupling force. 7 3.9 Torque and friction force . 8 Annex A (informative) Biodynamic effects on machine contact forces 9 Annex B (informative) Calculation of gripping force and push/pull force from measurement of pressure. 11 Annex C (informativ
8、e) Measuring procedure and processing of measurement results. 14 Annex D (informative) Recommended parameters for measuring instrumentation . 18 Annex E (informative) Calibration and reference method 22 Bibliography . 25 BS ISO 15230:2007iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardiz
9、ation) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
10、 represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standar
11、ds are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Intern
12、ational Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 15230 wa
13、s prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring, Subcommittee SC 4, Human exposure to mechanical vibration and shock. BS ISO 15230:2007vIntroduction The coupling forces between the hand-arm system and a hand-held or hand-guided machine during its us
14、e are very important factors. Although these forces are of interest for both vibrating and non-vibrating machines, the primary focus of this International Standard is to provide a set of descriptions of the forces at the man-machine interface that are primarily for the hand-arm system in contact wit
15、h a vibrating surface of a machine. The coupling forces involved in the operation of a vibrating machine generally consist of two different components. The first component is the force applied by the hand-arm system, which is used to provide necessary control and guidance of the machine and to achie
16、ve desired productivity. This quasi-static force (frequency below 5 Hz) is the focus of this International Standard. The second component is the biodynamic force which results from the biodynamic response of the hand-arm system to a vibration. Different couplings of the hand to a vibrating surface c
17、an affect the human body in two different ways. The relationship between the measured handle vibration and the resultant transmission of vibration to the hand-arm system might be altered. This alteration modifies the exposure and the vibration effect to the hand-arm system. The coupling can result i
18、n a synergistic effect with vibration exposure which affects anatomical structures, such as the vascular system, nerves, joints, tendons. Currently, many machine situations have been modelled by numerous basic physiological studies investigating the effect of vibration on the human body, which use p
19、ush force and gripping force to describe the coupling force between the hand and the machine handle. This International Standard can assist in the reporting of coupling data in epidemiological or laboratory research. In the future, the measurements taken at the workplace for the determination and ev
20、aluation of mechanical vibration affecting human beings could need to take into account the influence of the contact of the hand-arm system in the vibrating surface. The measurements of relevant coupling forces and the vibration acceleration will need to be taken simultaneously to account for the po
21、tential interactions. BS ISO 15230:2007blank1Mechanical vibration and shock Coupling forces at the man-machine interface for hand-transmitted vibration 1 Scope This International Standard describes the coupling parameters between the hands of a machine operator and a vibrating surface of the machine
22、. The coupling between the hand and the vibrating surface can be described using different parameters and component parts of these parameters: force parameters, such as push, pull and grip; parameters such as pressure exerted on skin. In addition, informative annexes provide guidelines for measuring
23、 procedures, the measurement of the force and pressure parameters, and information on the requirements for measuring instrumentation, as well as a calibration method. This International Standard does not deal with forces which act tangentially to the hand. 2 Symbols and abbreviated terms 2.1 Symbols
24、 F force i integer for summation n total number of elements to be summed pilocal pressure at surface element i S surface t time T duration of operation hand-oriented angle of the dividing plane machine-oriented angle of the dividing plane coefficient of the proportionality for the gripping force coe
25、fficient of the proportionality for the push force BS ISO 15230:20072 2.2 Subscripts BD biodynamic force c contact coup coupling f feed g guiding gr gripping l lifting m mean value max maximum n normal pu push or pull x, y, z Cartesian coordinates 3 Parameters at man-machine interface 3.1 Pressure e
26、xerted on skin 3.1.1 Area element of surface The area element of the surface, Si, is given using Equation (1): n,iiiSSS=GG(1) with the unit vector, n,iSG, in the normal direction to the area element. (See Figure 1.) Figure 1 Direction of the area elements, SiBS ISO 15230:200733.1.2 Local pressure Th
27、e local pressure, pi, exerted on an area element of the surface, Si, of the hand skin is given as the ratio between the perpendicular component of the area element contact force, Fc,i(see 3.1.5), applied in the middle of this area element and the area of this surface, as given by Equation (2): c,iii
28、FpS= (2) When reporting local pressure values, the area element surface area should be reported. NOTE Depending on the operator, hand location, tool and task, local pressure piusually ranges between zero and 0,8 N/mm2. Values above this pressure range can be perceived as painful. 3.1.3 Mean pressure
29、 The mean pressure, pm, exerted on the surface of the hand in contact with the machine or a part of the machine is calculated as average pressure using Equation (3): 1m1niiiniip SpS=(3) 3.1.4 Maximum local pressure The maximum local pressure, pmax, is the highest pressure value measured on the hand
30、surface in contact with the machine, calculated using Equation (4): maxmaxip p= (4) 3.1.5 Elemental contact force The elemental contact force, Fc,i, is given by Equation (5): c,iiiF pS= (5) where piis the pressure over the ith surface element; Siis the elemental surface area of the hand skin. The di
31、rection of Fc,iis normal to the vibrating surface. 3.2 Push/pull force The push force, Fpu, is the force exerted by the operator away from his shoulder on the vibrating surface via each hand and not compensated within the coupling surface of the hand. The pull force, Fpu, is the force exerted by the
32、 operator towards his shoulder via each hand. (See Figure 2.) BS ISO 15230:20074 a) Push force b) Pull force Figure 2 Example of push force, Fpu, and pull force, FpuNOTE 1 In some cases, the operation involves both push and pull forces. The push and pull forces can act at different positions on the
33、hand. However, both forces are denoted by Fpu. NOTE 2 Push force Fpucan be a very significant force, such as the required pushing of a drill, and needs always to be considered. 3.3 Guiding force The guiding force, Fg, is the force exerted by the operator on the vibrating surface via either hand in a
34、 horizontal or nearly horizontal plane tangentially to the push and/or pull force and not compensated within the coupling surface of the hand. This force is mostly necessary to hold or to move the machine, workpiece or control lever. (See Figure 3.) Figure 3 Example of guiding force, Fg, with indica
35、tion of push force, Fpu BS ISO 15230:20075NOTE Fghas the potential to be a low magnitude force when the surface is horizontal. 3.4 Lifting force The lifting force, Fl, is the force which is necessary to counteract the machine weight. (See Figure 4.) a) b) c) Figure 4 Example of lifting force, Fl, wi
36、th indication of push force, FpuNOTE In some cases, it is possible for lifting force, Fl, to equal push/pull force, Fpusee Figure 4 a). 3.5 Gripping force The gripping force, Fgr, is half the sum of the force components acting towards an axis inside the handle without push, pull or lifting forces. S
37、implified, the gripping force is the clamp-like force exerted by the hand of the operator when enclosing the handle. The force is compensated within the hand by a gripping force acting in the opposite direction towards a dividing plane. (See Figure 5.) a) Pressure field, p b) Clamp-like force Key ha
38、nd-oriented angle of the dividing plane machine-oriented angle of the dividing plane NOTE The z axis is along the forearm. Figure 5 Example of gripping force, Fgr, as clamp-like force BS ISO 15230:20076 NOTE 1 When the operator is gripping a cylindrical handle, the direction of the main gripping for
39、ce is generally parallel to the z axis as defined in ISO 8727. NOTE 2 Because the grip contact pressure is usually unevenly distributed around the handle, the magnitude of the gripping force is generally a function of the reference axis or dividing plane. The orientation of the maximum or minimum gr
40、ipping force generally depends on handle dimensions, hand sizes and hand-grip posture. For simplicitys sake, the gripping force in the forearm-based z axis shown in Figure 5 b) is conventionally used in the measurement and/or control of the gripping force in laboratory studies. 3.6 Feed force The fe
41、ed force, Ff, is the external force acting on the machine. (See Figure 6.) Figure 6 Example of feed force, FfNOTE In Figure 6, the feed force, Ff, is equal to the sum of the push force, Fpu1, Fpu2. Whereas, in Figure 2 a), the feed force, Ff, is equal to the push force, Fpu. 3.7 Contact forces In ge
42、neral, the contact forces, Fc, are those forces which act between the hand and the vibrating surface. They are the elemental forces integrated over the contact area (see 3.1.5). These are vector forces which act both perpendicularly and tangentially to the vibrating surface. The tangential force is
43、not considered at this time because of the difficulty of measurement. The contact force can represent the average values of pressures but might not provide information on distributions resulting in moments that can balance external moments, which can be described as torques around specific axes (see
44、 3.9). The moments or torques can be calculated when the pressure distribution is available. This International Standard concentrates on the perpendicular component of these contact forces, Fc, which, for many vibrating surfaces, are those which primarily effect the transmission of vibration into th
45、e hand (see Figure 7). The contact forces can be determined through integration of the measured pressure distribution between the hand and the handle. Studies have shown that the total static contact forces can be related to the gripping and push forces, Fgrand Fpu, through a linear relationship, Eq
46、uation (6): cgrpuF FF=+ (6) BS ISO 15230:20077where and are proportionality coefficients and the gripping force Fgris that in the forearm-based z axis shown in Figure 5 b). NOTE 1 For cylindrical handles with a diameter ranging between 30 mm and 50 mm, the coefficient has been reported to be close t
47、o 3 and close to 1. The gripping force coefficient tends to be larger for smaller diameter handles. NOTE 2 The above relationship can differ for handles with different geometry and size and when overlap of the fingers on the thumb occurs. Figure 7 Example of contact forces, Fc 3.8 Coupling force The
48、 compressive coupling force, Fcoup, is the sum of the gripping force and the push/pull force as given by Equation (7): coup gr puF FF=+ (7) NOTE 1 The coupling force of the hand-arm system to the machine or control lever is given in a simplified manner in this International Standard, in terms of two
49、 forces, the push/pull force and the gripping force, but would theoretically include also the biodynamic forces as described in Annex A. NOTE 2 A few studies have found that the acute effects of the gripping and push/pull forces under exposure to vibration are not distinguishable. Hence, the two components are incorporated with equal weighting into the coupling force. NOTE 3 The contact force is much more complex than the coupling force. BS ISO 15230:20078 3.9 Torque and friction forc
