1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 15239:2005 Solid mineral fuels Evaluation of the measurement performance of on-line analysers ICS 75.160.10 BS ISO 15239:2005 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 10 June 2005 BSI 10 June 2005 ISBN 0 580 459
2、23 3 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 15239:2005 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/16, Solid Mineral Fuels, which has the responsibility to: A list of organizations represente
3、d on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the
4、 “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from le
5、gal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK. Summ
6、ary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 61 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued since publication Amd. No. Da
7、te CommentsReference number ISO 15239:2005(E) INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15239 First edition 2005-04-01 Solid mineral fuels Evaluation of the measurement performance of on-line analysers Combustibles minraux solides valuation de la performance de mesure des analyseurs en ligne BS ISO 15239:2005ii BS
8、 ISO 15239:2005iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Symbols and abbreviations . 4 5 Principle . 6 6 Analyser installations . 6 7 Evaluation techniques 8 8 Instrument stability. 9 9 Calibration 12 10 Operational measurement per
9、formance.15 11 Application. 20 Annex A (informative) On-line analysis techniques for solid mineral fuels . 22 Annex B (informative) Sources of measurement variance. 26 Annex C (normative) Comparative test methods 28 Annex D (normative) Statistical assessment procedures 36 Annex E (informative) Refer
10、ence standards 47 Annex F (informative) Specimen calculations. 48 Bibliography . 61 BS ISO 15239:2005iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is norma
11、lly carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in th
12、e work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare
13、International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some
14、of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 15239 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels, Subcommittee SC 5, Methods of analysis. BS ISO 15239:2005v Introduction
15、 There are now many instruments in use which have been developed to enable the rapid on-line measurement of solid mineral fuels for a range of parameters that indicate coal quality. The principles on which they are based differ from those currently in use for sampling and analysis and, in effect, co
16、nstitute a completely different approach to the measurement of solid mineral fuel quality. This standard has been developed to specify methods by which the measurement performance of such analysers can be evaluated. BS ISO 15239:2005blank BS ISO 15239:2005 1 Solid mineral fuels Evaluation of the mea
17、surement performance of on-line analysers 1 Scope This International Standard sets out practices for the evaluation of the measurement performance of all types of on-line analysers for solid mineral fuel. It presents information on the different types of analyser currently available and describes pr
18、ocedures for the evaluation of various aspects of measurement performance, appropriate methods of test and techniques for the statistical assessment of the data collected. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated refe
19、rences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 1213-2, Solid mineral fuels Vocabulary Part 2: Terms relating to sampling, testing and analysis ISO 1988, Hard coals Sampling ISO 2309, Coke Sampling
20、ISO 3534-1, Statistics Vocabulary and symbols Part 1: Probability and general statistical terms ISO 5069 (all parts), Brown coals and lignites Principles of sampling ISO 13909 (all parts):2001, Hard coal and coke Mechanical sampling 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the defi
21、nitions given in ISO 1213-2, ISO 3534-1 and ISO 13909-1 and the following apply. 3.1 accuracy closeness of agreement between an observation and the “true” value ISO 1213-2:1992 3.2 analyser dynamic precision closeness of agreement between analyser values, obtained from solid mineral fuel interrogate
22、d by the analyser under dynamic conditions and determined by a comparative test method which eliminates random errors attributable to the reference test method BS ISO 15239:20052 3.3 analyser test method method of analysis which gives, for a solid mineral fuel process stream, values arising from the
23、 operation of the on-line analyser, which are estimates of the true values for specified measurands 3.4 analyser value value of a specified measurand in a test unit that is obtained from a test carried out by an analyser test method 3.5 backscatter geometry arrangement of an interrogation process in
24、 which a source of incident energy and a detector system are on the same, or adjacent, sides of the solid mineral fuel passing through the interrogation zone 3.6 bias systematic error which leads to the average value of a series of results being persistently higher or persistently lower than those w
25、hich are obtained using a reference test method ISO 13909-1 3.7 bias of scale bias that varies as a function of the range of values measured 3.8 bias of location bias that is constant and independent of the range of values measured 3.9 comparative dynamic precision closeness of agreement between ana
26、lyser values obtained from solid mineral fuel interrogated by the analyser under dynamic conditions and those determined by a comparative test method, which includes random errors attributable to the reference test method 3.10 comparative test method method of testing in which analyser values are co
27、mpared with corresponding reference values 3.11 comparison period period of time, during which a test unit is interrogated by an analyser to give an analyser value and is sampled by a reference test method to obtain a reference value, for a measurand NOTE The period can be based on the typical time
28、to produce a particular mass of solid mineral fuel, e.g. a trainload, or on a period which coincides with operations, e.g. a shift, or some other period that is convenient to, or preferred for, a specific evaluation procedure. 3.12 interrogation process procedure which elicits from the solid mineral
29、 fuel process stream a measurable response related, specifically or by inference, to the quantity of the measurand 3.13 interrogation volume volume of the solid mineral fuel process stream in which the detected response to the interrogation process originates BS ISO 15239:2005 3 3.14 interrogation z
30、one part of the analyser installation through which the solid mineral fuel process stream passes and in which it is subjected to the interrogation process 3.15 mainstream configuration configuration in which the whole of the process stream to be analysed is presented to, although not necessarily ana
31、lysed by, an on-line analyser 3.16 on-line analyser instrument for the measurement, continuously, of one or more quality indicators of solid mineral fuel while it is undergoing processing or handling, to give data rapidly and automatically 3.17 precision closeness of agreement between independent re
32、sults obtained under stipulated conditions ISO 3534-1:1993 NOTE For the purposes of this International Standard, the index of precision used is ts, where t is the value of Students t (95 % confidence level, two-sided) and s is the standard deviation of the observations about the mean value. 3.18 ref
33、erence test method method of sampling, sample preparation and analysis which is expected to give, for a solid mineral fuel process stream, values which are unbiased estimates of the true values for specified measurands 3.19 reference value value of a specified measurand in a test unit that is obtain
34、ed from a test carried out by a reference test method and which serves as a reference for comparison with an analyser value NOTE For the purposes of this International Standard, reference values are considered to be conventional true values. 3.20 sample quantity of fuel, representative of a larger m
35、ass, for which the quality is to be determined ISO 13909-1 3.21 static repeatability closeness of agreement between replicate analyser values obtained from a reference standard in the interrogation zone of the analyser 3.22 sub-stream configuration configuration in which a part of the process stream
36、 to be analysed is diverted by means of a suitable sampling system for presentation to an on-line analyser 3.23 test unit quantity of solid mineral fuel chosen for the determination of analyser and reference values BS ISO 15239:20054 3.24 transmission geometry arrangement of an interrogation process
37、 in which a source of incident energy and a detector system are on opposite sides of the solid mineral fuel passing through the interrogation zone. 4 Symbols and abbreviations 4.1 Mathematical 4.1.1 Primary regression coefficient (slope) C Cochrans criterion d difference between pairs of values (oth
38、er than duplicates) D 1 duplicate 1 reference test method value D 2 duplicate 2 reference test method value D mean of duplicate reference test method values test statistic (see D.16) EIV errors in variables E( ) expected number of runs FF -distribution f SDR static/dynamic response factor L Cconfide
39、nce level n number of values in a set P precision Q test statistic (see D.16) R reference test method value R 1reference test method 1 value R 2reference test method 2 value r linear correlation coefficient run S 1 reference standard 1 value S 2 reference standard 2 value BS ISO 15239:2005 5 s stand
40、ard deviation s gthe expected (guaranteed) value of precision of the analyser at one standard deviation s( ) standard error of number of runs population standard deviation t Students t-distribution V variance degrees of freedom X Aanalyser test method value x any value in a set x dupdifference betwe
41、en pairs of duplicate values chi-squared distribution Z test statistic (see D.16) z normal deviate 4.1.2 Subscripts A set of analyser test method values c critical value d set of differences dup set of duplicate differences Dy set of dynamic calibration values D1 set of duplicate reference 1 test me
42、thod values D2 set of duplicate reference 2 test method values D set of means of duplicate reference test method values g guaranteed value ii th value max maximum value 0t i m e z e r o R1 set of reference test method 1 values R2 set of reference test method 2 values BS ISO 15239:20056 St set of sta
43、tic calibration values S1 set of reference standard 1 values S2 set of reference standard 2 values time 1 set 1 2 set 2 4.2 Other abbreviations GHz gigahertz keV kilo-electron volt MeV mega-electron volt RF radiofrequency 5 Principle The performance of an on-line analyser, which has been set up and
44、calibrated, is evaluated by procedures that address three main aspects of analyser operation. These are the stability of the instrumentation, the validity of the calibration and the precision of measurement under operational conditions. Instrument stability is assessed by static measurements made, i
45、n replicate, at operationally significant intervals of time. The installed calibration is confirmed by making simultaneous comparative measurements with the analyser and a reference method of analysis over a range of measurand values which encompasses at least the spread of values encountered in nor
46、mal operations. Operational performance is evaluated by comparison of analyser values with reference values obtained from separate reference procedures. 6 Analyser installations 6.1 General There are many types of analyser, based on a variety of measurement principles and possible installation confi
47、gurations, which have been designed to measure one or more indicators of quality in a range of products that occur in solid mineral fuel process streams. The measurement principles on which analysers are based may be divided into four classes, as outlined in 6.2. 6.2 Analyser types 6.2.1 Absorption/
48、scattering processes The majority of on-line analysers for solid mineral fuel depend upon the existence of a quantitative relationship between the measurand and the degree of absorption and/or scattering of a beam of electromagnetic radiation or neutrons incident upon the solid mineral fuel flowing through the interrogation zone of the analyser. Incident electromagnetic radiation, in the X-, gamma, microwave or optical energy regi
