1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58ICS 13.040.20Indoor air Part 8: Determination of local mean ages of air in buildings for characteri
2、zing ventilation conditionsBRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 16000-8:2007BS ISO 16000-8:2007This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2007 BSI 2007ISBN 978 0 580 54791 1Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Commentscontract. Use
3、rs are responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.National forewordThis British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of ISO 16000-8:2007.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Techni
4、cal Committee EH/2, Air quality, to Subcommittee EH/2/3, Ambient atmospheres.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a Reference numberISO 16000-8:2007(E)INTERNATION
5、AL STANDARD ISO16000-8First edition2007-06-15Indoor air Part 8: Determination of local mean ages of air in buildings for characterizing ventilation conditions Air intrieur Partie 8: Dtermination des ges moyens locaux de lair dans des btiments pour caractriser les conditions de ventilation BS ISO 160
6、00-8:2007ii iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction . vi 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Principles of tracer gas measurements for determining of ventilation conditions . 2 4.1 General principles. 2 4.2 Selected tracer gas methods. 2 5 Measurement planning. 3 5.
7、1 General. 3 5.2 Identification of the ventilated system . 4 5.3 Identification of zones 4 5.4 Choice of measurement method. 4 5.5 Determination of measurement points. 5 6 Tracer gases and equipment for determining ventilation conditions . 5 6.1 Choice of tracer gas . 5 6.2 Tracer gas concentration
8、standard. 6 6.3 Equipment for feeding the tracer gas. 6 6.4 Sampling the tracer gas . 7 6.5 Determination of tracer gas concentration 8 7 Measurement methods. 8 7.1 Decay method . 8 7.2 Active homogeneous emission method. 10 7.3 Passive homogeneous emission method 11 8 Application of results . 12 9
9、Test report . 12 Annex A (informative) Explanation of some terms and definitions 13 Annex B (informative) General requirements of tracer gases, background contents and methods of detection of the most important ones 14 Annex C (informative) Estimation of uncertainty of measured local mean ages of ai
10、r. 17 Annex D (informative) Examples of measurement procedure, calculation and estimation of uncertainty. 20 Annex E (informative) Air quality relevance of local mean age of air and expression of results 37 Bibliography . 41 BS ISO 16000-8:2007iv Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Stan
11、dardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right
12、 to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International S
13、tandards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
14、International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 16
15、000-8 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 6, Indoor air. ISO 16000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Indoor air : Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy Part 2: Sampling strategy for formaldehyde Part 3: Determination of formaldeh
16、yde and other carbonyl compounds Active sampling method Part 4: Determination of formaldehyde Diffusive sampling method Part 5: Sampling strategy for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test chamber air by active sampling on Tenax TAsor
17、bent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS/FID Part 7: Sampling strategy for determination of airborne asbestos fibre concentrations Part 8: Determination of local mean ages of air in buildings for characterizing ventilation conditions Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile
18、organic compounds from building products and furnishing Emission test chamber method Part 10: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing Emission test cell method Part 11: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building
19、 products and furnishing Sampling, storage of samples and preparation of test specimens Part 12: Sampling strategy for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Part 13: Determination
20、 of total (gas and particle-phase) polychlorinated dioxin-like biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) Collection on sorbent-backed filters BS ISO 16000-8:2007v Part 15: Sampling strategy for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Part 16: Detection and enumeration of moul
21、ds Sampling by filtration Part 17: Detection and enumeration of moulds Culture-based method The following parts are under preparation: Part 14: Determination of total (gas and particle-phase) polychlorinated dioxin-like biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDF
22、s) Extraction, clean-up and analysis by high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry Part 18: Detection and enumeration of moulds Sampling of moulds by impaction Part 23: Performance test for evaluating the reduction of formaldehyde concentrations by sorptive building materials Part 24: Perf
23、ormance test for evaluating the concentration reduction of volatile organic compounds and carbonyl compounds except formaldehyde by sorptive building materials Part 25: Determination of the emission of semi volatile organic compounds for building products Micro chamber method Furthermore, the two In
24、ternational Standards, ISO 16017-1 on pumped sampling and ISO 16017-2 on diffusive sampling, focus on volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements. BS ISO 16000-8:2007vi Introduction An adequate air change is of fundamental importance for indoor air quality. Proper ventilation of all buildings is ne
25、cessary for the health and comfort of the occupants as well as to protect against damage (e.g. due to excessive atmospheric humidity). However, the present-day use of tightly sealed windows, for example in residential and office buildings, can lead to insufficient ventilation. This situation in turn
26、 may lead to an increase in the concentration of substances emitted indoors. Manual ventilation by the occupants or the use of mechanical ventilation systems is thus required. However, excessive ventilation can lead to discomfort and increased energy consumption. Building regulations make provision
27、for ventilation to control moisture and other pollutants. Measurements of the ventilation conditions allow confirmation of whether these requirements are met in practice. Knowledge of the ventilation conditions is important in order to be able to analyse the possible causes of poor indoor air qualit
28、y. Thus, ideally, sampling and analysis of contaminants indoors should be accompanied by ventilation measurement, making it possible to estimate the strengths of contaminant sources. This part of ISO 16000 describes the use of single tracer gas for determining the age of air in a building which is n
29、aturally or mechanically ventilated. The age of air is an important factor in assessing the adequacy of ventilation. The concept local mean age of air (and its inverse the local effective air change rate) is used for assessing the ventilation conditions in the building. The mean age of air in a buil
30、ding zone indicates the average time the air in a zone has spent in the building accumulating contaminants. It is closely connected to the time it takes to exchange the air within a zone. The concentration of a contaminant released from continuous indoor sources increases with the length of time the
31、 air has spent indoors. The lower the age of air in a space, the lower the concentration. Normally, the ventilation air is supplied at selected parts of the building envelope, and seeks its way to the different building spaces. Thus, before the ventilation air reaches a specific room, a significant
32、portion of the air may have spent time in other rooms, accumulating contaminants. Therefore, the local mean age of air, which describes how long the air in a particular space has spent indoors, needs to be considered in relation to air quality. The purpose of this part of ISO 16000 is to describe th
33、e use of ventilation measurement techniques suitable for air quality studies. For this purpose, the ventilation rate and the air distribution patterns in the building should be measured for representative conditions of interest. ISO 12569 describes the use of tracer gas dilution for determining the
34、air change rate in a single zone. The procedures for tracer gas dilution include concentration decay, constant injection and constant concentration. ISO 12569 should be used when studying the thermal performance of buildings. In the case where a zone exchanges air only with the outside (i.e. has no
35、inflow of air from other parts of the building), the tracer gas concentration within the zone can be characterized with a single value, and the ventilation conditions are constant over the measurement period; this part of ISO 16000 and ISO 12569 should, in theory, provide identical results. The meth
36、ods described in this part of ISO 16000 can, however, be used beyond these conditions, for example in spaces with several zones, which may exchange air with each other, and in cases where the ventilation conditions vary during the measurement period. BS ISO 16000-8:20071Indoor air Part 8: Determinat
37、ion of local mean ages of air in buildings for characterizing ventilation conditions 1 Scope This part of ISO 16000 describes the use of single tracer gas for determining the local mean age of air as an indicator of ventilation conditions in a building. The procedures include concentration decay and
38、 homogeneous constant emission. The described methods are intended for air quality studies and can be used for a) checking whether the building ventilation requirements are met, b) estimating the adequacy of ventilation in buildings with indoor air quality problems, and c) characterizing the strengt
39、h and distribution of indoor emission sources. In principle, the methods can be applied to all indoor spaces, regardless of the type of ventilation used and the state of mixing of air between zones. The prevailing ventilation conditions need not be disturbed by the measurement. This part of ISO 1600
40、0 does not address the details of the analytical methods for tracer gases. The availability of such analysis services should be checked before planning actual field measurements. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dat
41、ed references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 12569, Thermal performance of buildings Determination of air change in buildings Tracer gas dilution method ISO/IEC Guide 98:1995, Guide to the
42、 expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12569 and the following apply. 3.1 homogeneous emission strategy to inject tracer gas in such a way that the injection rate per unit volume is equal in al
43、l parts of ventilated system BS ISO 16000-8:20072 3.2 local mean age of air ventilation parameter, which describes the length of time the air at a specific location has on average spent within the building NOTE See A.1 for a further explanation of this term. 3.3 ventilated system the building space,
44、 which can exchange air directly or indirectly with the space of interest NOTE At the border of the ventilated system, there is no other inflow of air than outdoor air. 3.4 zone space within the building where air mixing is sufficient to create an essentially uniform concentration of a tracer gas re
45、leased anywhere within that space NOTE 1 To be considered a zone, the space should not exhibit concentration differences larger than 20 % of the mean. NOTE 2 A zone can be part of a room, an entire room or even include several rooms. 3.5 zone mean age of air ventilation parameter, which describes th
46、e length of time the air in a zone has on average spent within the building NOTE In the case of complete mixing within a zone, this is equal to the local mean age of air at any point within the zone. 4 Principles of tracer gas measurements for determining of ventilation conditions 4.1 General princi
47、ples Tracer gas techniques for measuring ventilation rely on the possibility of differentiating between air that is already within a space of interest and new air coming into that space. This means that it shall be able either to mark the air already in the space and follow how the marked air is rep
48、laced by new ventilation air or, alternatively, to mark the incoming air and measure how this marked ventilation air is distributed through the space. It should be observed that air flowing into a specified zone from other zones that have a lower or higher concentration of tracer gas would influence
49、 the result of the measurement. Therefore, it is important to keep to the prescribed boundary conditions that are different for different tracer gas methods. If the ventilation condition is to be determined in a zone, which has no inflow of air from other parts of the building (single isolated zone), it is not necessary to inject tracer gas or mark the air in other parts of the building in order to obtain correct results. However, if the zone can exchange air with other part
