1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16065-2:2014Pulps Determination of fibrelength by automated opticalanalysisPart 2: Unpolarized light methodBS ISO 16065-2:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16065-2:2014.It supersedes BS ISO 16065-2:2007 which i
2、s withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PAI/11, Methods of test for paper, board and pulps.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessarypr
3、ovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 77838 4ICS 85.040Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published
4、under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 16065-2:2014 ISO 2014Pulps Determination of fibre length by automated optical analysis Part 2: Unpolarized light methodPtes Dtermination de la longueur de
5、fibre par analyse optique automatise Partie 2: Mthode de la lumire non polariseINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16065-2Second edition2014-01-15Reference numberISO 16065-2:2014(E)BS ISO 16065-2:2014ISO 16065-2:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All rights reserved. Unl
6、ess otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the
7、address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16065-2:2014ISO 16065-2:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiConte
8、nts PageForeword iv1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Principle 25 Apparatus and auxiliary materials 26 Sampling 37 Preparation of sample 37.1 Disintegration 37.2 Stock dilution 38 Procedure. 48.1 Measurement procedure 48.2 Verification procedure using verification fibre
9、s 49 Calculation and expression of results . 59.1 Method of calculation 59.2 Characteristic distribution values 510 Test report . 6Annex A (informative) Precision . 7Bibliography 9BS ISO 16065-2:2014ISO 16065-2:2014(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide fe
10、deration of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that com
11、mittee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document a
12、nd those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Pa
13、rt 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of t
14、he document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific ter
15、ms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps.I
16、SO 16065 consists of the following parts, under the general title Pulps Determination of fibre length by automated optical analysis: Part 1: Polarized light method Part 2: Unpolarized light methodThis second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 160652:2007), of which it constitutes a
17、minor revision with the following changes: a new precision statement that complies with the requirements of ISO/TR 24498 has been added.iv ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16065-2:2014INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16065-2:2014(E)Pulps Determination of fibre length by automated optical analysis Part 2
18、: Unpolarized light method1 ScopeThis part of ISO 16065 specifies a method for determining fibre length by automated optical analysis using unpolarized light.The method is applicable to all kinds of pulp. However, fibrous particles shorter than 0,2 mm are not regarded as fibres for the purposes of t
19、his part of ISO 16065 and, therefore, are not included in the results.NOTE ISO 16065-1 deals with the determination of fibre length using polarized light.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its appl
20、ication. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 638, Paper, board and pulps Determination of dry matter content Oven-drying methodISO 4119, Pulps Determination of stock concent
21、rationISO 5263-1, Pulps Laboratory wet disintegration Part 1: Disintegration of chemical pulpsISO 5263-2, Pulps Laboratory wet disintegration Part 2: Disintegration of mechanical pulps at 20 CISO 5263-3, Pulps Laboratory wet disintegration Part 3: Disintegration of mechanical pulps at 85 CISO 7213,
22、Pulps Sampling for testing3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1unpolarized lightlight composed of light waves whose planes of vibration are randomly oriented3.2mean lengthLtotal length of all fibres counted divided by the number of fi
23、bresNote 1 to entry: See Formula (3). ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16065-2:2014ISO 16065-2:2014(E)3.3length-weighted mean lengthLlaverage of the length-weighted fibre-length distributionNote 1 to entry: See Formula (4).3.4mass-weighted fibre lengthLwaverage of the mass-weighted fibre-length
24、distributionNote 1 to entry: See Formula (5).4 PrincipleThe fibres suspended in the water are routed through a measuring cell, where the lengths of the individual fibres are measured. A suitable unpolarized light source is used to create the high-contrast image between the fibres and the background.
25、 The numerical and weighted average fibre lengths and fibre-length distributions of the pulp are calculated.5 Apparatus and auxiliary materialsOrdinary laboratory equipment and the following are required.5.1 Fibre-length analyser, consisting of a measurement section and a sample transport system.The
26、 measurement section consists of a measuring cell, through which the fibres in the water are drawn. There is a uniform unpolarized light source on one side of the cell and a sensitive detector for example, a charge coupled device (CCD) camera on the same or on the opposite side of the measuring cell
27、. The flow orientates the fibres into a focal depth no thicker than 0,5 mm normal to the sample flow. The sample flow can be stopped when the CCD camera takes a picture. The detector indicates the fibre length from the image of the fibre. The analyser shall have a resolution that is equal to or bett
28、er than 100 m over the range 0 mm to 7 mm, and an accuracy of at least 0,01 mm.5.1.1 Measuring system, constructed so that air bubbles and non-fibrous particles greater than 0,2 mm do not have any effect on the results.5.2 Disintegrator, as described in ISO 5263-1, ISO 5263-2, or ISO 5263-3.5.3 Veri
29、fication fibres, made of rayon with suggested lengths of about 0,5 mm, 3,0 mm, and 7,0 mm, with an accuracy of 0,01 mm.The fibres shall be provided by the producer of the analyser, together with statistical data showing the mean length and the length distribution of each type of verification fibre.5
30、.4 Reference pulp1), a commercial reference pulp is available. A quantity of pulp for which the length-weighted fibre length has previously been determined, using this part of ISO 16065.NOTE In-house reference pulp can also be used.1) Reference pulp is available, for example, from the device supplie
31、r or the National Institute of Science liis the central length of the ith class, in millimetres;niis the total number of fibres in all classes;niliis the sum of the products, ni li, for all classes.9.2 Characteristic distribution values9.2.1 LengthsFormulae (3), (4), and (5) are used for calculating
32、 the required quantities and the mean fibre length (other quantities can also be calculated for particular purposes).a) The mean length of the fibres:Lnlniii=(3)NOTE 1 The numerical mean fibre length is not always the most meaningful indicator of the fibre length, because the effect of short fibres
33、is emphasized. A better formula is often the length-weighted mean fibre length.b) The length-weighted mean length of the fibres (Ll):Lnlnliiiil=2(4)c) The mass-weighted fibre length of the fibres (Lw):Lnlnliiiiw=32(5) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 5BS ISO 16065-2:2014ISO 16065-2:2014(E)NOTE 2 In the
34、interpretation of the length-weighted mean length, it is assumed that all fibres have identical coarseness. In the interpretation of the mass-weighted fibre length, it is assumed that the fibre coarseness is proportional to the length. This proportionality does not hold for mechanical pulps and pulp
35、 mixtures.9.2.2 Coefficient of variationCalculate the coefficient of variation (%) from the frequency distribution using Formula (6)CV =sL100 (6)where the standard deviation s, in millimetres, is given by Formula (7)slLnniii=()212/(7)However, if the values L and Llare calculated, the coefficient of
36、variation (%) can be calculated using Formula (8)CV =100 112LLl/(8)9.2.3 Expression of the frequency distributionIf a length-distribution graph is required, express it by a frequency diagram representing the number and/or the percentage of the fibres in each length interval employed, expressed as a
37、function of the length and/or by a cumulative frequency diagram indicating the percentage as a function of fibres greater than a given length, expressed as a function of the length.10 Test reportThe test report shall give the following information:a) a reference to this part of ISO 16065 (i.e. ISO 1
38、6065-2);b) the date and place of testing;c) all information for complete identification of the sample;d) the type of instrument used;e) whether the sample, or specimen, was screened to remove the fibre bundles;f) the total number of fibres tested;g) the length-weighted mean length and mass-weighted
39、fibre length of the fibres, and, if required, the numerical mean length;h) the frequency diagram and the cumulative frequency diagram, if a distribution graph is required;i) the class intervals used, if required;j) the number of fibres in each class, if required;k) any operations not specified in th
40、is part of ISO 16065, or in the International Standards to which reference is made, or regarded as optional, which might have affected the results.6 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16065-2:2014ISO 16065-2:2014(E)Annex A (informative) PrecisionA.1 GeneralThe precision data are based on five pulp s
41、amples two softwoods, one hardwood, one TMP, and one pressurized groundwood (PGW) tested by four different laboratories, according to this part of ISO 16065. Four types of commercial apparatus were used, namely, Pulp Expert2), Morfi2), FibreLab2), and Fibre Master2). Each laboratory used a different
42、 type of apparatus.The calculations have been made according to ISO/TR 24498.The repeatability and reproducibility limits reported are estimates of the maximum difference which should be expected in 19 of 20 instances, when comparing two test results for material similar to those described under sim
43、ilar test conditions. These estimates could not be valid for different materials or different test conditions.NOTE Repeatability and reproducibility limits are calculated by multiplying the repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations by 2,77, where 2,77 = 1,96 2.The pooled repeatability an
44、d reproducibility data are presented in Tables A.1 and A.2, respectively.2) Pulp Expert, Morfi, FibreLab, and Fibre Master are examples of suitable products that may still be available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an en
45、dorsement by ISO of these products. ISO 2014 All rights reserved 7BS ISO 16065-2:2014ISO 16065-2:2014(E)A.2 RepeatabilityTable A.1 Estimation of the repeatability of the test methodSampleNumber of labo-ratoriesLength-weighted mean fibre length mmStandard deviation srmmCoefficient of variation CV,r%R
46、epeatability limit r mmSoftwood, unrefined 4 2,07 0,027 1,3 0,08Softwood, refined 4 2,10 0,090 4,3 0,25Hardwood, unrefined 4 0,75 0,053 7,1 0,15Thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP) (CSF = 134)4 1,60 0,037 2,3 0,11Pressurized ground-wood (PGW) pulp (CSF = 65)4 0,88 0,040 4,6 0,11NOTE Canadian Standard Freene
47、ss.A.3 ReproducibilityTable A.2 Estimation of the reproducibility of the test methodSampleNumber of labo-ratoriesLength-weighted mean fibre length mmStandard deviation sRmmCoefficient of variation CV,R%Reproducibility limit R mmSoftwood, unrefined 4 2,07 0,11 5,2 0,30Softwood, refined 4 2,10 0,11 5,
48、3 0,30Hardwood, unrefined 4 0,75 0,061 8,2 0,17Thermo-mechan-ical pulp (TMP) (CSF = 134)4 1,60 0,27 16,7 0,75Pressurized ground-wood (PGW) pulp (CSF = 65)4 0,88 0,17 19,7 0,47NOTE Canadian Standard Freeness.A.4 Comparison of results between instruments using unpolarized and polarized light and by mi
49、croscopyThe same samples as mentioned above were also analysed with instruments using polarized light and by microscopy. The correlation with the polarized light and microscopy results were 97,9 % and 96,9 %, respectively.8 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16065-2:2014ISO 16065-2:2014(E)Bibliography1 Clark J. DA. Pulp Technology and Treatment for Paper. Chapter 17. Miller Freeman Publications Inc, San Francisco, Second Edition, 19852 Ilvessalo-Pfffli M-S., & Alftha
