1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16075-1:2015Guidelines for treatedwastewater use for irrigationprojectsPart 1: The basis of a reuse project forirrigationBS ISO 16075-1:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16075-1:2015.The UK participation in its
2、 preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CB/506, Water reuse.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplicati
3、on. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 80719 0ICS 13.060.01; 13.060.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy
4、Committee on 31 August 2015.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 16075-1:2015 ISO 2015Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects Part 1: The basis of a reuse project for irrigationLignes directrices pour lutilisation des eaux uses traites en irrigation Parti
5、e 1: Les bases dun projet de rutilisation en irrigationINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16075-1First edition2015-08-15Reference numberISO 16075-1:2015(E)BS ISO 16075-1:2015ISO 16075-1:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Un
6、less otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the
7、 address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 16075-1:2015ISO 16075-1:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normati
8、ve references 23 Terms, definitions, and abbreviated terms . 23.1 General . 23.2 Use of treated wastewater (TWW) 43.3 Wastewater quality . 43.4 Irrigation systems 53.5 Wastewater system related components . 73.6 Abbreviated terms . 84 Improving the quality and the use of TWW 95 Basis of a reuse proj
9、ect for irrigation . 96 Influencing factors for TWW irrigation projects: water quality, climate, and soil .106.1 General 106.2 Water quality . 106.2.1 Wastewater components . 106.2.2 Nutrients 106.2.3 Salinity . 116.2.4 Other elements .126.2.5 Microorganisms .126.3 Climate 126.4 Soil 136.4.1 General
10、. 136.4.2 Mobilization of inorganic adsorbable contaminants .146.4.3 Slaking of the upper soil layer . 146.4.4 Salinization of soils .146.4.5 Mobilization and accumulation of boron .146.4.6 Groundwater pollution 156.4.7 Phosphorus accumulation and mobility.157 Different effects on public health, soi
11、l, crops, and water sources 157.1 Public health effects . 157.2 Effects on soil and crops 167.2.1 Effect of nutrient levels .167.2.2 Effect of water salinity .167.2.3 Effect of a specific toxicity of certain ions .177.2.4 Effect related to other chemical elements 187.2.5 Recommendations to manage th
12、e effects on soil and crops .187.3 Effects on water sources 217.3.1 General. 217.3.2 Principles for protection of water sources .217.3.3 Examples of groundwater sensitivity groups.227.3.4 Examples of surface water sensitivity groups .237.3.5 Summary of examples of criteria 23Annex A (informative) Ex
13、amples of climate and soil criteria 24Annex B (informative) Examples of maximum levels of nutrients and salinity factors in TWW for irrigation 25Annex C (informative) Example of groundwater sensitivity groups .29Bibliography .31 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 16075-1:2015ISO 160
14、75-1:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject fo
15、r which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on
16、all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted.
17、This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any
18、or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of user
19、s and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementar
20、y information.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 282, Water re-use, Subcommittee SC01, Treated wastewater re-use for irrigation.This first edition cancels and replaces ISO/CD 16075-2.ISO 16075 consists of the following parts, under the general title Guidelines for treated wastewat
21、er use for irrigation projects: Part 1: The basis of a reuse project for irrigation Part 2: Development of the project Part 3: Components of a reuse project for irrigationThe following parts are under preparation: Part 4: Monitoringiv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16075-1:2015ISO 16075-1:2015(E
22、)IntroductionThe increasing water scarcity and water pollution control efforts in many countries have made treated municipal and industrial wastewater a suitable economic means of augmenting the existing water supply, especially when compared to expensive alternatives such as desalination or the dev
23、elopment of new water sources involving dams and reservoirs. Water reuse makes it possible to close the water cycle at a point closer to cities by producing “new water” from municipal wastewater and reducing wastewater discharge to the environment.An important new concept in water reuse is the “fit-
24、to-purpose” approach, which entails the production of reclaimed water quality that meets the needs of the intended end-users. In the situation of reclaimed water for irrigation, the reclaimed water quality can induce an adaptation of the type of plant grown. Thus, the intended water reuse applicatio
25、ns are to govern the degree of wastewater treatment required and, inversely, the reliability of wastewater reclamation processes and operation.Treated wastewater can be used for various non-potable purposes. The dominant applications for the use of treated wastewater (also referred to as reclaimed w
26、ater or recycled water) include agricultural irrigation, landscape irrigation, industrial reuse, and groundwater recharge. More recent and rapidly growing applications are for various urban uses, recreational and environmental uses, and indirect and direct potable reuse.Agricultural irrigation was,
27、is, and will likely remain the largest reuse water consumer with recognized benefits and contribution to food security. Urban water recycling, landscape irrigation in particular, is characterized by fast development and will play a crucial role for the sustainability of cities in the future, includi
28、ng energy footprint reduction, human well-being, and environmental restoration.It is worth noting again that the suitability of treated wastewater for a given type of reuse depends on the compatibility between the wastewater availability (volume) and water irrigation demand throughout the year, as w
29、ell as on the water quality and the specific use requirements. Water reuse for irrigation can convey some risks for health and environment, depending on the water quality, the irrigation water application method, the soil characteristics, the climate conditions, and the agronomic practices. Conseque
30、ntly, the public health and potential agronomic and environmental adverse impacts are to be considered as priority elements in the successful development of water reuse projects for irrigation. To prevent such potential adverse impacts, the development and application of international guidelines for
31、 the reuse of treated wastewater is essential.The main water quality factors that determine the suitability of treated wastewater for irrigation are pathogen content, salinity, sodicity, specific ion toxicity, other chemical elements, and nutrients. Local health authorities are responsible for estab
32、lishing water quality threshold values depending on authorized uses and they are also responsible for defining practices to ensure health and environmental protection taking into account local specificities.From an agronomic point of view, the main limitation in using treated wastewater for irrigati
33、on arises from its quality. Treated wastewater, unlike water supplied for domestic and industrial purposes, contains higher concentrations of inorganic suspended and dissolved materials (total soluble salts, sodium, chloride, boron, heavy metals), which can damage the soil and irrigated crops. Disso
34、lved salts are not removed by conventional wastewater treatment technologies and appropriate good management, agronomic and irrigation practices are intended to be used to avoid or minimize potential negative impacts.The presence of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) can become an advan
35、tage due to possible saving in fertilizers. However, the amount of nutrients provided by treated wastewater along the irrigation period is not necessarily synchronized with crop requirements and the availability of nutrients depends on the chemical forms.This guideline provides guidance for healthy,
36、 hydrological, environmental and good operation, monitoring, and maintenance of water reuse projects for unrestricted and restricted irrigation of agricultural crops, gardens, and landscape areas using treated wastewater. The quality of supplied treated wastewater has ISO 2015 All rights reserved vB
37、S ISO 16075-1:2015ISO 16075-1:2015(E)to reflect the possible uses according to crop sensitivity (health-wise and agronomy-wise), water sources (the hydrologic sensitivity of the project area), the soil, and climate conditions.This guideline refers to factors involved in water reuse projects for irri
38、gation regardless of size, location, and complexity. It is applicable to intended uses of treated wastewater in a given project, even if such uses will change during the projects lifetime; as a result of changes in the project itself or in the applicable legislation.The key factors in assuring the h
39、ealth, environmental and safety of water reuse projects in irrigation are the following: meticulous monitoring of treated wastewater quality to ensure the system functions as planned and designed; design and maintenance instructions of the irrigation systems to ensure their proper long-term operatio
40、n; compatibility between the treated wastewater quality, the distribution method, and the intended soil and crops to ensure a viable use of the soil and undamaged crop growth; compatibility between the treated wastewater quality and its use to prevent or minimize possible contamination of groundwate
41、r or surface water sources.vi ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16075-1:2015INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16075-1:2015(E)Guidelines for treated wastewater use for irrigation projects Part 1: The basis of a reuse project for irrigation1 ScopeThis part of ISO 16075 contains guidelines for the developmen
42、t and the execution of projects intending to use treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation and considers the parameters of climate and soil.The purpose of these guidelines is to provide specifications for all elements of a project using TWW for irrigation, including design, materials, construction, an
43、d performance, when used for the following: unrestricted irrigation of agricultural crops; restricted irrigation of agricultural crops; irrigation of public and private gardens and landscape areas, including parks, sport fields, golf courses, cemeteries, etc; irrigation of private individual gardens
44、.These guidelines are intended to provide assistance for the benefit of users of TWW for irrigation. The guidelines relate to the widespread and common ranges of water quality rather than exceptional or unique ones and are intended for the use by professionals, such as irrigation companies (designer
45、s and operators), agricultural extension officers or advisors, water companies (designers and operators), and local authorities. The use of these guidelines by farmers might require additional specifications.None of the parts of this International Standard are intended to be used for certification p
46、urposes.These guidelines suggest the parameters of TWW quality. These parameters include the following: agronomic parameters: nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and salinity factors (total salt content, chloride, boron, and sodium concentration); other chemical element parameters (heavy
47、metals); microbial parameters.Each of these parameters can have possible impacts on the crops, soil, and public health. The guidelines discuss the possibility of preventing the contaminants presence during wastewater production and the ability to remove them during the course of treatment.Emerging p
48、ollutants (pharmaceuticals and personal care product residuals) are outside the scope of this part of ISO 16075 since at this time, they are not included in any national standard.The project should be designed in accordance with the sanitary quality of the TWW in order to avoid disease transmission
49、by the pathogens in the water.The use of these guidelines is encouraged to ensure consistency within any organization engaged in the use of treated wastewater.These guidelines provide the basis for a healthy, hydrological, environmental and agronomic conscious design, operation, monitoring, and maintenance of an irrigation system using treated wastewater. ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16075-1:2015ISO 16075-1:2015(E)This part of ISO 16075 is not intended to prevent the creation of more specific standards or guides which are better ad
