1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16258-1:2015Workplace air Analysis ofrespirable crystalline silica byX-ray diffractionPart 1: Direct-on-filter methodBS ISO 16258-1:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16258-1:2015.The UK participation in its pre
2、paration was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/2/2, Work place atmospheres.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctap
3、plication. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 72180 9ICS 13.040.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Comm
4、ittee on 31 October 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 16258-1:2015 ISO 2015Workplace air Analysis of respirable crystalline silica by X-ray diffraction Part 1: Direct-on-filter methodAir des lieux de travail Fraction alvolaire de la silice cristall
5、ine par diffraction de rayons X Partie 1: Mthode directe danalyse sur filtreINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16258-1First edition2015-09-15Reference numberISO 16258-1:2015(E)BS ISO 16258-1:2015ISO 16258-1:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAl
6、l rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested f
7、rom either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 16258-1:2015ISO 16258-1:2015(E)Foreword vIntroduction v
8、i1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 13.1 General definitions 13.2 Sampling definitions 23.3 Analytical definitions . 33.4 Statistical terms 44 Principle 55 Sampling 55.1 Sampling equipment 65.1.1 Samplers 65.1.2 Filters . 65.1.3 Sampling pumps . 75.1.4 Flow meters 75.1.5 Ot
9、her equipment required 75.2 Sample collection 85.3 Transport . 96 Analytical procedure 96.1 Apparatus and equipment 96.1.1 X-ray diffraction system . 96.1.2 Balance . 96.1.3 Dust cloud generator 96.1.4 Standard reference materials 106.1.5 Reagents . 106.1.6 Drift correction sample . 116.2 Gravimetri
10、c analysis for respirable dust 116.3 X-ray diffraction analysis . 116.3.1 Instrumental parameters 116.3.2 Scan parameters 116.4 Calibration curve 116.5 Sample treatment 136.6 Sample analysis . 137 Calculation .137.1 Gravimetric analysis 137.2 X-ray diffraction analysis . 137.3 Concentration of RCS 1
11、48 Performance characteristics .158.1 Limit of detection . 158.2 Minimum detectable value 158.3 Limits of quantification 158.4 Uncertainty 158.5 Differences between samplers . 168.6 Differences between analytical approaches . 169 Test report 16Annex A (informative) Example instrumental conditions 18
12、Annex B (informative) Data collection parameters .19Annex C (normative) Corrections for absorption 20 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 16258-1:2015ISO 16258-1:2015(E)Annex D (informative) Range of typical detection limits .22Annex E (informative) Typical expanded uncertainty for t
13、he direct-on-filter method 23Annex F (informative) Differences between samplers .24Bibliography .25iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16258-1:2015ISO 16258-1:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member
14、bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental
15、and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
16、described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is dra
17、wn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
18、the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessmen
19、t, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Workplace atmospheres.ISO 16258 consists
20、 of the following parts, under the general title Workplace air Analysis of respirable crystalline silica by X-ray diffraction: Part 1: Direct-on-filter method Part 2: Method by indirect analysis ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16258-1:2015ISO 16258-1:2015(E)IntroductionRespirable crystalline si
21、lica (RCS) is a hazard to the health of workers in many industries through exposure by inhalation. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers exposure. The collection of samples of air during a work activity an
22、d then measuring the amount of respirable crystalline silica are often done to assess an individuals exposure, the effectiveness of controls or their respiratory protection. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of crystalline silica in a sample of respirable dust collected on a filter is the principle t
23、echnique employed in many countries to measure and estimate exposure to RCS. X-ray diffraction is able to clearly distinguish the polymorphs of crystalline silica.This part of ISO 16258 specifies the procedure for a method of analysing RCS directly on the air sample filter. A specific requirement of
24、 this method is that the filter from the sampling apparatus has a diameter of 25 mm. The method also discusses optimum instrumental parameters, for various types of detectors in common use at the time of publication. This part of ISO 16258 is to be used in conjunction with ISO 24095 which promotes b
25、est practice for these analyses.vi ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16258-1:2015Workplace air Analysis of respirable crystalline silica by X-ray diffraction Part 1: Direct-on-filter method1 ScopeThis part of ISO 16258 specifies the analysis of respirable crystalline silica (RCS) in samples of air
26、collected on 25 mm-filters by X-ray diffraction, when using an analytical approach where the dust on the air sample filter is directly analysed by the instrument. This part of ISO 16258 includes information on the instrumental parameters, sensitivity of different sampling apparatus, uses of differen
27、t filters and correction for absorption effects. In this part of ISO 16258, the expression RCS includes the most common polymorphs quartz and cristobalite. The less common polymorphs of crystalline silica, such as tridymite, are not included within the scope of this part of ISO 16258 because a stand
28、ard reference material is not available. Under certain circumstances (i.e. low filter dust loads, low silica content), the analytical approach described in this method may not fulfil the expanded uncertainty requirements of EN 482.5Guidance for calculation of uncertainty for measurements of RCS is g
29、iven in ISO 24095.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (in
30、cluding any amendments) appliesISO 7708, Air quality Particle size fraction definitions for health-related samplingISO 13137,Workplace atmospheres Pumps for personal sampling of chemical and biological agents Requirements and test methodsISO 15767, Workplace atmospheres Controlling and characterizin
31、g uncertainty in weighing collected aerosolsISO 24095,Workplace air Guidance for the measurement of respirable crystalline silica3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1 General definitions3.1.1airborne particlesfine matter, in solid or
32、liquid form, dispersed in airSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: Smoke, fume, mist and fog consist of airborne particles.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16258-1:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16258-1:2015ISO 16258-1:2015(E)3.1.2aerosolairborne particles and the gas (and vapour) mixture in which
33、 they are suspendedSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: The airborne particles can be in or out of equilibrium with their own vapours.3.1.3respirable crystalline silicaRCSparticles of crystalline silica that penetrate into the unciliated airways according to the respirable convention described in ISO 770
34、83.1.4exposure (by inhalation)situation in which a chemical agent is present in air that is inhaled by a personSOURCE: EN 15403.1.5occupational exposure limit valueOELVlimit of the time-weighted average of the concentration of a chemical agent in the air within the breathing zone of a worker in rela
35、tion to a specified reference periodSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: Limit values are mostly set for reference periods of 8 h, but can also be set for shorter periods or concentration excursions. Limit values for airborne particles and mixtures of particles and vapours are given in mg/m3or multiples
36、of that for actual environmental conditions (temperature, pressure) at the workplace.3.1.6workplacedesignated area or areas in which the work activities are carried outSOURCE: EN 15403.2 Sampling definitions3.2.1aerosol sampler(airborne) particle sampler(airborne) particulate samplersampler that is
37、used to transport airborne particles to a collection substrateSOURCE: EN 15403.2.2collection substratesampling substratecollection mediumsampling mediummedium on which airborne chemical and/or biological agents are collected for subsequent analysisSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: Filters, polyurethan
38、e foams and sampling cassettes are examples of collection substrates for airborne particles.Note 2 to entry: For the purpose of this part of ISO 16258, the collection substrate is a filter.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16258-1:2015ISO 16258-1:2015(E)3.2.3laboratory blankunused collection subs
39、trate, taken from the same batch used for sampling, that does not leave the laboratorySOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: The results from the analysis of laboratory blanks are used to correct sample results for contamination with crystalline silica and/or interferences.3.2.4field blankunused collection
40、 substrate, taken from the same batch used for sampling, handled in the same way as a collection substrate that is used for sampling, except it is not used for collecting a sampleSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: A field blank is transported to the sampling site, loaded in the sampler, where applicabl
41、e, and returned to the laboratory in the same way as a sample.Note 2 to entry: The results from the analysis of field blanks are used to identify contamination of the sample arising from handling in the field and during transport.3.2.5breathing zonespace around the nose and mouth from which a worker
42、s breath is takenSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: Technically the breathing zone corresponds to a hemisphere (generally accepted to be 30 cm in radius) extending in front of the human face, centred on the midpoint of a line joining the ears. The base of the hemisphere is a plane through this line, th
43、e top of the head and the larynx. This technical description is not applicable when respiratory protective equipment is used.3.2.6personal samplersampler, attached to a person, that collects gases, vapours or airborne particles in the breathing zone to determine exposure to chemical and/or biologica
44、l agentsSOURCE: EN 15403.2.7personal samplingprocess of sampling carried out using a personal samplerSOURCE: EN 15403.2.8sampling trainapparatus for collecting airborne particles including sampling equipment, pump and connecting tubing.SOURCE: ISO 240953.3 Analytical definitions3.3.1limit of detecti
45、onLODlowest amount of an analyte that is detectable with a given level of confidenceNote 1 to entry: The limit of detection can be calculated as three times the standard deviation of blank measurements. This represents a probability of 50 % that the analyte will not be detected when it is present at
46、 the concentration of the LOD. ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 16258-1:2015ISO 16258-1:2015(E)Note 2 to entry: The LOD can be used as a threshold value to assert the presence of a substance with a known confidence.Note 3 to entry: Many analysis procedures require laboratories to calculate an LO
47、D by multiplying the standard deviation of measurements of a number of blank samples (10) by three. Readers should note that there is some doubt about the relationship between signal and the mass when RCS is measured at very low masses and a specific formula to determine the LOD using statistics bas
48、ed on a normal distribution is not given in this guidance. The test samples used for calibration are not matrix matched and reporting an LOD based on three standard deviations of the background noise may give an optimistic impression of the capability of method when analysing real samples. Analysts
49、should take this into consideration when analysing samples for RCS (ISO 24095).3.3.2limit of quantificationLOQlowest reliable mass of an analyte that is quantifiable with a given level of confidence taking into consideration the matrix effects in the sampleSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: The limit of quantification can be calculated as 10 times the standard deviation of blank measurements.Note 2 to entry: The value LOQ can be used as a threshold value to ensure measurement of a substance accurat
