1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16258-2:2015Workplace air Analysis ofrespirable crystalline silica byX-ray diffractionPart 2: Method by indirect analysisBS ISO 16258-2:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16258-2:2015.The UK participation in its
2、 preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee EH/2/2, Work place atmospheres.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its corre
3、ctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 72181 6ICS 13.040.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy
4、Committee on 31 October 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 16258-2:2015 ISO 2015Workplace air Analysis of respirable crystalline silica by X-ray diffraction Part 2: Method by indirect analysisAir des lieux de travail Fraction alvolaire de la silice
5、cristalline par diffraction de rayons X Partie 2: Mthode indirecte danalyseINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16258-2First edition2015-09-15Reference numberISO 16258-2:2015(E)BS ISO 16258-2:2015ISO 16258-2:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll
6、 rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested fr
7、om either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 16258-2:2015ISO 16258-2:2015(E)Foreword vIntroduction vi
8、1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 13.1 General definitions 13.2 Sampling definitions 23.3 Analytical definitions . 33.4 Statistical terms 44 Principle 55 Sampling 55.1 Sampling equipment 55.1.1 Samplers 55.1.2 Collection substrates 65.1.3 Sampling pumps . 75.1.4 Flow meter
9、s 75.1.5 Other equipment required 85.2 Sample collection 85.3 Transport . 96 Analytical procedure .106.1 Apparatus and equipment . 106.1.1 Instrument . 106.1.2 Balance 106.1.3 Laboratory equipment .106.1.4 Equipment to recover dust from the air sample filter 106.1.5 Standard reference materials 106.
10、1.6 Reagents . 106.1.7 Drift correction sample . 116.2 Gravimetric analysis for respirable dust 116.3 X-ray diffraction analysis . 116.3.1 Instrumental parameters 116.3.2 Scan parameters 116.4 Calibration curve 116.5 Sample treatment of collection substrate . 136.5.1 PVC and MCE filters 136.5.2 Cell
11、ulose nitrate filters 146.5.3 Polyurethane foams 146.6 Redeposition onto analysis filter 156.6.1 Crucibles from the furnace . 156.6.2 Bottles or beakers from a plasma asher .156.7 Sample analysis . 157 Calculation .167.1 Gravimetric analysis 167.2 X-ray diffraction analysis . 167.3 Concentration of
12、RCS 178 Performance characteristics .178.1 Limit of detection . 178.2 Minimum detectable value 188.3 Limits of quantification 188.4 Uncertainty 188.5 Differences between samplers . 18 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 16258-2:2015ISO 16258-2:2015(E)8.6 Differences between analytica
13、l approaches . 199 Test report 19Annex A (normative) Sample treatment strategies .20Annex B (informative) Example instrumental conditions 22Annex C (informative) Data collection parameters 23Annex D (normative) Correction for absorption 24Annex E (informative) Range of typical detection limits 26Ann
14、ex F (informative) Typical expanded uncertainty of the indirect method 27Annex G (informative) Differences between samplers .28Bibliography .29iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16258-2:2015ISO 16258-2:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federati
15、on of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee
16、. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and tho
17、se intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (
18、see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the doc
19、ument will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and
20、 expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC
21、 2, Workplace atmospheres.ISO 16258 consists of the following parts, under the general title Workplace Air Analysis of respirable crystalline silica by X-ray diffraction: Part 1: Direct-on-filter method Part 2: Method by indirect analysis ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 16258-2:2015ISO 16258-2:
22、2015(E)IntroductionRespirable crystalline silica (RCS) is a hazard to the health of workers in many industries through exposure by inhalation. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers exposure. The collection
23、 of samples of air during a work activity and then measuring the amount of respirable crystalline silica is often done to assess an individuals exposure, the effectiveness of controls or their respiratory protection. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of crystalline silica in a sample of respirable du
24、st collected on a filter is the principle technique employed in many countries to measure and estimate exposure to RCS. X-ray diffraction is able to clearly distinguish the polymorphs of crystalline silica.This part of ISO 16258 specifies the analysis procedure for the measurement of RCS where the d
25、ust is recovered from the collection substrate and deposited onto a filter for analysis. Many different types of sampling apparatus are used to collect respirable dust, according to the occupational hygiene convention. This part of ISO 16258 is designed to accommodate the variety of samplers and col
26、lection substrates available to analysts. This part of ISO 16258 is to be used in conjunction with ISO 24095 which promotes best practice for these analyses.vi ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16258-2:2015Workplace air Analysis of respirable crystalline silica by X-ray diffraction Part 2: Method b
27、y indirect analysis1 ScopeThis part of ISO 16258 specifies the analysis of RCS in samples of air collected on collection substrates (i.e. filters or foams) by X-ray diffraction, when using an analytical approach where dust from the sample collection substrate (i.e. filter or foam) is recovered, trea
28、ted and deposited on another filter for analysis by the instrument. This part of ISO 16258 includes information on the instrumental parameters, sensitivity of different sampling apparatus, the use of different filters, sample treatment to remove interference and correction for absorption effects. In
29、 this part of ISO 16258, the expression respirable crystalline silica includes the most common polymorphs quartz and cristobalite. The less common polymorphs of crystalline silica, such as tridymite, are not included within the scope of this part of ISO 16258 because a standard reference material is
30、 not available. Under certain circumstances (i.e. low filter dust loads, low silica content), the analytical approach described in this method may not fulfil the expanded uncertainty requirements of EN 4827. Guidance for calculation of uncertainty for measurements of RCS is given in ISO 24095.2 Norm
31、ative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
32、applies.ISO 7708, Air quality Particle size fraction definitions for health-related samplingISO 13137, Workplace atmospheres Pumps for personal sampling of chemical and biological agents Requirements and test methodsISO 15767, Workplace atmospheres Controlling and characterizing uncertainty in weigh
33、ing collected aerosolsISO 24095, Workplace air Guidance for the measurement of respirable crystalline silica3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1 General definitions3.1.1airborne particlesfine matter, in solid or liquid form, disperse
34、d in airSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: Smoke, fume, mist and fog consist of airborne particles.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16258-2:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16258-2:2015ISO 16258-2:2015(E)3.1.2aerosolairborne particles and the gas (and vapour) mixture in which they are suspendedSO
35、URCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: The airborne particles can be in or out of equilibrium with their own vapours.3.1.3respirable crystalline silicaRCSinhaled particles of crystalline silica that penetrate into the unciliated airways according to the respirable convention described in ISO 77083.1.4exposur
36、e (by inhalation)situation in which a chemical agent is present in air that is inhaled by a person.SOURCE: EN 15403.1.5occupational exposure limit valuelimit of the time-weighted average of the concentration of a chemical agent in the air within the breathing zone of a worker in relation to a specif
37、ied reference periodSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: Limit values are mostly set for reference periods of 8 hours, but can also be set for shorter periods or concentration excursions. Limit values for airborne particles and mixtures of particles and vapours are given in mg/m3or multiples of that for
38、actual environmental conditions (temperature, pressure) at the workplace.3.1.6workplacedesignated area or areas in which the work activities are carried outSOURCE: EN 15403.2 Sampling definitions3.2.1aerosol sampler(airborne) particle sampler(airborne) particulate sampler)sampler that is used to tra
39、nsport airborne particles to a collection substrateSOURCE: EN 15403.2.2collection substratesampling substratecollection mediumsampling mediummedium on which airborne chemical and/or biological agents are collected for subsequent analysisSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: Filters, polyurethane foams and
40、 sampling cassettes are examples of collection substrates for airborne particles.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 16258-2:2015ISO 16258-2:2015(E)3.2.3laboratory blankunused collection substrate, taken from the same batch used for sampling, that does not leave the laboratorySOURCE: EN 1540Note 1
41、to entry: The results from the analysis of laboratory blanks are used to correct sample results for contamination with crystalline silica and/or interferences.3.2.4field blankunused collection substrate, taken from the same batch used for sampling, handled in the same way as a collection substrate t
42、hat is used for sampling, except it is not used for collecting a sampleSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: A field blank is transported to the sampling site, loaded in the sampler, where applicable, and returned to the laboratory in the same way as a sample.Note 2 to entry: The results from the analysis
43、 of field blanks are used to identify contamination of the sample arising from handling in the field and during transport.3.2.5breathing zonespace around the nose and mouth from which a workers breath is takenSOURCE: EN 1540Note 1 to entry: Technically the breathing zone corresponds to a hemisphere
44、(generally accepted to be 30 cm in radius) extending in front of the human face, centred on the midpoint of a line joining the ears. The base of the hemisphere is a plane through this line, the top of the head and the larynx. This technical description is not applicable when respiratory protective e
45、quipment is used.3.2.6personal samplersampler, attached to a person, that collects gases, vapours or airborne particles in the breathing zone to determine exposure to chemical and/or biological agentsSOURCE: EN 15403.2.7personal samplingprocess of sampling carried out using a personal samplerSOURCE:
46、 EN 15403.2.8sampling trainapparatus for collecting airborne particles including sampling equipment, pump and connecting tubingSOURCE: ISO 240953.3 Analytical definitions3.3.1limit of detectionLODlowest amount of respirable crystalline silica (RCS) that is detectable with a given level of confidence
47、Note 1 to entry: The limit of detection can be calculated as three times the standard deviation of blank measurements. This represents a probability of 50 % that the analyte will not be detected when it is present at the concentration of the LOD. ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 16258-2:2015ISO
48、16258-2:2015(E)Note 2 to entry: The LOD can be used as a threshold value to assert the presence of a substance with a known confidence.Note 3 to entry: Many analysis procedures require laboratories to calculate an LOD by multiplying the standard deviation of measurements of a number of blank samples
49、 (10) by three. Readers should note that there is some doubt about the relationship between signal and the mass when RCS is measured at very low masses and a specific formula to determine the LOD using statistics based on a normal distribution is not given in this guidance. The test samples used for calibration are not matrix matched and reporting an LOD based on three standard deviations of the background noise may give an optimistic impression of the capability of method when analysing real samp
