1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16290:2013Space systems Definitionof the Technology ReadinessLevels (TRLs) and their criteriaof assessmentBS ISO 16290:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 16290:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was en
2、trusted to TechnicalCommittee ACE/68/-/5, Space systems and operations - Programmemanagement.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible
3、for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 78317 3ICS 49.140Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and
4、 Strategy Committee on 31 October 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 16290:2013 ISO 2013Space systems Definition of the Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and their criteria of assessmentSystmes spatiaux Definition des Niveaux de Maturit de la Technologie (NMT) et de le
5、urs critres dvaluationINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16290First edition2013-11-01Reference numberISO 16290:2013(E)BS ISO 16290:2013ISO 16290:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reprod
6、uced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.
7、ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16290:2013ISO 16290:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Terms and definitions .
8、13 Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) 43.1 General . 43.2 TRL 1 Basic principles observed and reported 53.3 TRL 2 Technology concept and/or application formulated 53.4 TRL 3 Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of-concept 63.5 TRL 4 Component and/or breadboard fu
9、nctional verification in laboratory environment 63.6 TRL 5 Component and/or breadboard critical function verification in a relevant environment 73.7 TRL 6 Model demonstrating the critical functions of the element in a relevant environment 83.8 TRL 7 Model demonstrating the element performance for th
10、e operational environment . 93.9 TRL 8 Actual system completed and accepted for flight (“flight qualified”) 93.10 TRL 9 Actual system “flight proven” through successful mission operations 104 Summary table .10Bibliography .12BS ISO 16290:2013ISO 16290:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organizati
11、on for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established ha
12、s the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The p
13、rocedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the edit
14、orial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directivesAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights ide
15、ntified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patentsAny trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.The committee responsibl
16、e for this document is ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations.iv ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 16290:2013ISO 16290:2013(E)IntroductionTechnology Readiness Levels (TRLs) are used to quantify the technology maturity status of an element intended t
17、o be used in a mission. Mature technology corresponds to the highest TRL, namely TRL 9, or flight proven elements.The TRL scale can be useful in many areas including, but not limited to the following examples:a) For early monitoring of basic or specific technology developments serving a given future
18、 mission or a family of future missions;b) For providing a status on the technical readiness of a future project, as input to the project implementation decision process;c) In some cases, for monitoring the technology progress throughout development.The TRL descriptions are provided in Clause 3 of t
19、his International Standard. The achievements that are requested for enabling the TRL assessment at each level are identified in the summary table in Clause 4. The detailed procedure for the TRL assessment is to be defined by the relevant organization or institute in charge of the activity.This Inter
20、national Standard was produced by taking due consideration of previous available documents on the subject, in particular including those from the National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA), the US Department of Defence (DoD) and European space institutions (DLR, CNES and ESA). ISO 2013 All rig
21、hts reserved vBS ISO 16290:2013BS ISO 16290:2013Space systems Definition of the Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) and their criteria of assessment1 ScopeThis International Standard defines Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs). It is applicable primarily to space system hardware, although the definiti
22、ons could be used in a wider domain in many cases.The definition of the TRLs provides the conditions to be met at each level, enabling accurate TRL assessment.2 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.2.1breadboardphysical model (2.10) design
23、ed to test functionality and tailored to the demonstration need2.2critical function of an elementmandatory function which requires specific technology (2.19) verificationNote 1 to entry: This situation occurs when either the element or components of the element are new and cannot be assessed by rely
24、ing on previous realizations, or when the element is used in a new domain, such as new environmental conditions or a new specific use not previously demonstrated.Note 2 to entry: Wherever used in this International Standard, “critical function” always refers to “technology critical function” and sho
25、uld not be confused with “safety critical function”.Note 3 to entry: Wherever used in this International Standard, “critical function” always refers to “critical function of an element”.2.3critical part of an elementelement (2.4) part associated to a critical functionNote 1 to entry: The critical pa
26、rt of an element can represent a subset of the element and the technology verification for the critical function may be achievable through dedicated tests achieved on the critical part only.Note 2 to entry: Wherever used in this International Standard, “critical part” always refers to “technology cr
27、itical part”.Note 3 to entry: Wherever used in this International Standard, “critical part” always refers to “critical part of an element”.2.4elementitem or object under consideration for the technology readiness assessmentNote 1 to entry: The element can be a component, a piece of equipment, a subs
28、ystem or a system.2.5element functionintended effect of the element (2.4)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16290:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16290:2013ISO 16290:2013(E)2.6functional performance requirementssubset of the performance requirements (2.14) of an element (2.4) specifying the ele
29、ment functions (2.5)Note 1 to entry: The functional performance requirements do not necessarily include requirements resulting from the operational environment (2.11).2.7laboratory environmentcontrolled environment needed for demonstrating the underlying principles and functional performanceNote 1 t
30、o entry: The laboratory environment does not necessarily address the operational environment (2.11).2.8mature technologytechnology defined by a set of reproducible processes (2.17) for the design, manufacture, test and operation of an element (2.4) for meeting a set of performance requirements (2.14
31、) in the actual operational environment (2.11)2.9mission operationssequence of events that are defined for accomplishing the mission2.10modelphysical or abstract representation of relevant aspects of an element (2.4) that is put forward as a basis for calculations, predictions, tests or further asse
32、ssmentNote 1 to entry: The term “model” can also be used to identify particular instances of the element, e.g. flight model.Note 2 to entry: Adapted from ISO 10795, definition 1.141.2.11operational environmentset of natural and induced conditions that constrain the element (2.4) from its design defi
33、nition to its operationEXAMPLE 1 Natural conditions: weather, climate, ocean conditions, terrain, vegetation, dust, light, radiation, etc.EXAMPLE 2 Induced conditions: electromagnetic interference, heat, vibration, pollution, contamination, etc.2.12operational performance requirementssubset of the p
34、erformance requirements (2.14) of an element (2.4) specifying the element functions (2.5) in its operational environment (2.11)Note 1 to entry: The operational performance requirements are expressed through technical specifications covering all engineering domains. They are validated through success
35、ful in orbit operation and can be verified through a collection of element verifications on the ground which comprehensively cover the operational case.Note 2 to entry: The full set of performance requirements of an element consists of the operational performance requirements and the performance req
36、uirements for the use of the element on ground.2.13performanceaspects of an element (2.4) observed or measured from its operation or functionNote 1 to entry: These aspects are generally quantified.Note 2 to entry: Adapted from ISO 10795, definition 1.155.2 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 16290:20
37、13ISO 16290:2013(E)2.14performance requirementsset of parameters that are intended to be satisfied by the element (2.4)Note 1 to entry: The complete set of performance requirements inevitably include the environment conditions in which the element is used and operated and are therefore linked to the
38、 mission(s) under consideration and also to the environment of the system in which it is incorporated.2.15processset of interrelated or interacting activities which transform inputs into outputsNote 1 to entry: Inputs to a process are generally outputs of other processes.Note 2 to entry: Processes i
39、n an organization are generally planned and carried out under controlled conditions to add value.Note 3 to entry: A process where the conformity of the resulting product cannot be readily economically verified is frequently referred to as a “special process”.SOURCE: ISO 10795, definition 1.1602.16re
40、levant environmentminimum subset of the operational environment (2.11) that is required to demonstrate critical functions of the element (2.2) performance in its operational environment (2.11)2.17reproducible processprocess (2.15) that can be repeated in timeNote 1 to entry: It is fundamental in the
41、 definition of “mature technology” and is intimately linked to realization capability and to verifiability.Note 2 to entry: An element developed “by chance”, even if meeting the requirements, can obviously not be declared as relying on a mature technology if there is little possibility of reproducin
42、g the element on a reliable schedule. Conversely, reproducibility implicitly introduces the notion of time in the mature technology definition. A technology can be declared mature at a given time, and degraded later at a lower readiness level because of the obsolescence of its components or because
43、the processes involve a specific organization with unique skills that has closed.2.18requirementneed or expectation that is stated and to be complied withNote 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO 10795, definition 1.190.2.19technologyapplication of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, crafts, systems or
44、 methods of organization in order to solve a problem or achieve an objective2.20validationconfirmation, through objective evidence, that the requirements (2.18) for a specific intended use or application have been fulfilledNote 1 to entry: The term “validated” is used to designate the corresponding
45、status.Note 2 to entry: The use conditions for validation can be real or simulated.Note 3 to entry: May be determined by a combination of test, analysis, demonstration, and inspection. ISO 2013 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 16290:2013ISO 16290:2013(E)Note 4 to entry: When the element is validated it i
46、s confirmed that it is able to accomplish its intended use in the intended operational environment (2.11).Note 5 to entry: Adapted from ISO 10795, definition 1.228.2.21verificationconfirmation through the provision of objective evidence that specified requirements (2.18) have been fulfilledNote 1 to
47、 entry: The term “verified” is used to designate the corresponding status.Note 2 to entry: Confirmation can be comprised of activities such as: performing alternative calculations, comparing a new design specification with a similar proven design specification, undertaking tests and demonstrations,
48、and reviewing documents prior to issue.Note 3 to entry: Verification may be determined by a combination of test, analysis, demonstration, and inspection.Note 4 to entry: When an element is verified, it is confirmed that it meets the design specifications.Note 5 to entry: Adapted from ISO 10795, defi
49、nition 1.2293 Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs)3.1 GeneralA technology for an element intended for an application reaches the maturity level, corresponding to TRL 9, when it is well-defined by a set of reproducible processes for the design, manufacture, test and operation of the element and when, in addition, the element meets a set of performance requirements in the actual operational environment.The element under consideration is assumed to be a physical part of a system. Systems are generally subdivided into sub-systems wit
