1、BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 16412:2005Air cargo equipment Air cargo pallets Utilization guidelinesICS 55.180.30g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47
2、g36g58BS ISO 16412:2005This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 28 February 2006 BSI 28 February 2006ISBN 0 580 47884 XNational forewordThis British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 16412:2005 and implements it as the UK national stand
3、ard.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee ACE/57, Air cargo and ground support equipment, which has the responsibility to:A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.Cross-referencesThe British Standards whi
4、ch implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondence Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online.This publication does not
5、 purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European com
6、mittee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and promulgate them in the UK.Summary of pagesThis document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v,
7、a blank page, pages 1 to 23 and a back cover.The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsReference numberISO 16412:2005(E)INTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO16412First edition2005-05-01Air cargo equipme
8、nt Air cargo pallets Utilization guidelines Equipement de fret arien Palettes de fret arien Directives dutilisation BS ISO 16412:2005iiiiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope 12 Normative references . 13 Terms and definitions. 24 General requirements . 34.1 General. 34.2 Mass . 34.3 Area lo
9、ad 44.4 Running load . 44.5 CG location (plan view) 44.6 CG location (height) 54.7 Contour 65 Installation . 65.1 Condition check 65.2 Cargo stacking 75.3 Shifting protection 95.4 Net installation 96 Shoring. 106.1 General. 106.2 Methods 116.3 Computation 127 Restraint. 137.1 Net restraint . 137.2 S
10、traps complement. 137.3 Straps tie-down . 148 Specific commodities . 148.1 General. 148.2 Overhangs 148.3 Long loads . 158.4 “Tall” loads 168.5 Drums, cans, barrels. 168.6 Reels, spools . 168.7 Dangerous goods 179 Pallet accessories . 189.1 Pallet covers 189.2 Pallet extenders. 199.3 Pallet coupling
11、s. 199.4 Other accessories . 1910 Operator requirements . 2010.1 General. 2010.2 Operating instructions 2010.3 Training and qualification 2110.4 Quality control. 21Bibliography . 22BS ISO 16412:2005ivForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of natio
12、nal standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internati
13、onal organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rul
14、es given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at
15、least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 16412 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC
16、20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 9, Air cargo and ground equipment.BS ISO 16412:2005vIntroduction Air cargo pallets and their cargo restraint nets constitute aircraft unit load devices (ULD), defined by industry standards and airworthiness certified to technical standard order (TSO)
17、C90c in accordance with the requirements of ISO 8097. This guarantees their design to be intrinsically safe for flight on board compatible aircraft types. However, actual flight safety also requires these certified pieces of equipment to be properly used: numerous occurrences have demonstrated a cer
18、tified ULD can nevertheless jeopardize flight safety if loaded or restrained in an inadequate manner. Accordingly, this International Standard aims at providing recognized industry standard methods to achieve the best attainable level of safety when preparing air cargo pallets for loading on board a
19、ircraft, taking into account the requirements to be met as a result of the pallets airworthiness certification requisites, the general requirements expressed in the Aircraft Manufacturers Weight and Balance Manuals, as well as the various potential areas of concern identified based on experience.The
20、 practical means of compliance with flight safety objectives recommended in this International Standard, are intended to be available as a common base for air carriers (operators) as well as shippers and cargo handling agents when establishing their own in-house publications and staff training progr
21、ammes.Throughout this International Standard, the minimum essential criteria are identified by use of the key word “shall”. Recommended criteria are identified by use of the key word “should” and, while not mandatory, are considered to be of primary importance in providing safe pallet build-up arran
22、gements. Deviation from recommended criteria should only occur after careful consideration and thorough service evaluation have shown alternate methods to provide an equivalent level of safety. BS ISO 16412:2005blank1Air cargo equipment Air cargo pallets Utilization guidelines 1 Scope This Internati
23、onal Standard specifies utilization guidelines to be applied when preparing air cargo pallets for carriage on board civil transport aircraft. It identifies the various concerns to be taken into consideration to ensure flight safety, and provides recognized industry standard methods to achieve it. Co
24、mmercial requirements in order to ensure protection of the goods carried may also be addressed where applicable, but do not constitute the documents primary goal. It is intended as a guide toward standard practice, and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances.NOTE In
25、all countries, standing government regulations apply to air cargo unit load devices airworthiness, continuous airworthiness, and air carriers (operators) certification and operations. This International Standard does not, under any circumstance, supersede the requirements of applicable regulations o
26、r the aircraft manufacturers authority approved weight and balance manual. This International Standard is applicable to any certified air cargo pallet built up from either a single or a number of pieces of commercial cargo, intended to be loaded on lower, main or upper deck of a civil transport airc
27、raft, whether a freighter or a passenger-carrying aircraft. Its field of application includes all pallets prepared within ground premises, whether at a shippers facilities or an airport cargo warehouse, including those intended to be loaded into the aircraft in a “floating” position. Its provisions
28、may not entirely apply in the event of “pre-embarked” pallets. In such a case, it is up to the operator to identify and implement the applicable criteria. This International Standard is not intended to apply to air cargo pallets prepared for military transport aircraft, and does not take into accoun
29、t any specific criteria for military aircraft. Nothing, however, precludes it being used for guidelines in this case, it being the military operators responsibility to identify and implement any additional applicable criteria. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensab
30、le for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 4117, Air and air/land cargo pallets Specification and testingISO 4171, Air cargo equipment Int
31、erline palletsISO 8097:20011), Aircraft Minimum airworthiness requirements and test conditions for certified air cargo unit load devicesISO 10046, Aircraft Methodology of calculating cargo compartment volumesISO 16049-1, Air cargo equipment Restraint straps Part 1: Design criteria and testing method
32、s1) Endorsement of NAS 3610 10th edition. BS ISO 16412:20052ISO 16049-2, Air cargo equipment Restraint straps Part 2: Utilization guidelines and lashing calculationsFAR2)14CFR Part 25, Airworthiness Standards: Transport category airplanesFAR2)14CFR Part 121, Air Carriers certification and operationF
33、ederal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular (AC) 120-59 Air Carriers internal evaluation programJAR3)Part 25, Airworthiness Standards: Transport category aeroplanesJAR3)-OPS 1, Commercial air transportation (aeroplanes)3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following ter
34、ms and definitions apply. 3.1air cargo pallet any type and size of Class II airworthiness certified aircraft pallet in accordance with ISO 8097:2001 NOTE An air cargo pallet may meet the requirements of either ISO 4117 heavy duty, stiff, typically 50 mm (2 in) thick, units or ISO 4171 (most units co
35、nsist of an aluminium plate base). Used in conjunction with an appropriate pallet net, which may meet the requirements of either ISO 4115 or ISO 4170, it constitutes a complete unit load device. 3.2pallet net any type or size of Class II airworthiness certified aircraft pallet net in accordance with
36、 ISO 8097:2001 3.3operator airline carrier entity authorized by an Air carrier Operator Certificate (AOC) from its national Civil Aviation Authority to operate civil transport aircraft flights for commercial carriage of passengers, cargo or mail NOTE The operator holds responsibility for compliance
37、with Civil Aviation Authorities Regulations on its flights, including when the relevant tasks are performed by sub-contractors. 3.4floating pallet air cargo pallet loaded into the aircraft over more than one pallet position, and not fully restrained by the aircraft restraint system NOTE A floating p
38、allet requires cargo tie-down directly on to the aircrafts structure instead of the pallets tracks. 3.5pre-embarked pallet air cargo pallet loaded empty into the aircraft to be used as a floor on which cargo is later brought and palletized inside the cargo compartment 2) FAR, Federal Aviation Regula
39、tions. FAR 14CFR Part 25 constitutes the U.S.A. government transport aircraft airworthiness Regulations, and Part 121 its Regulations applicable to air carriers certification and operation. They can be obtained from the US Government Printing Office, Mail Stop SSOP, Washington DC 20402-9328, U.S.A.
40、3) JAR, Joint Aviation Regulations. JAR Part 25 constitutes the European governments transport aircraft airworthiness regulations and JAR-OPS 1 its regulations applicable to carriers certification and operation. They can be obtained from JAA Headquarters, Saturnusstraat 8-10, P.O. Box 3000, NL 2130
41、KA Hoofddorp, Netherlands. BS ISO 16412:20053NOTE A pre-embarked pallet may or may not be fully restrained by the aircraft restraint system. If it is not, it is also a floating pallet.3.6heavy duty pallet any type or size of Class I or II certified aircraft pallet in accordance with ISO 8097:2001 an
42、d with a base core stiffness (E.I. value) of 25 u 106N.cm2per centimetre width of core (2 u 106lb.in2per inch width of core) or more 3.7pallet extension pallet wing device (usually a pair of symmetrical devices) used to extend the contour of an air cargo pallets load out of its base footprint on the
43、 lower deck of wide-bodied aircraft 3.8wooden pallet warehouse palletany type and size of industrial forkliftable pallet for general use, made of wood or similar materials, used to facilitate handling and stacking of individual pieces of cargo 3.9shoring load spreading (method) spreader stand (equip
44、ment)methods or equipment used to evenly distribute a concentrated cargo load over an air cargo pallets surface in order to meet the applicable aircraft floor load limitations 3.10air cargo restraint strap tie-down strapelementary tie-down unit consisting of flat woven textile webbing, a tensioning
45、device and two end fittings ISO 16049-1 3.11lashing GB tie-down USmethods or equipment used to ensure proper restraint of cargo on to a pallets edge track or aircraft structure, to replace or complement net restraint when necessary 4 General requirements 4.1 General 4.1.1 Any air cargo pallet and it
46、s net shall, prior to release for loading on board an aircraft, be inspected and found satisfactory by competent, suitably-trained personnel who are responsible for checking that it meets all applicable flight safety requirements. See 5.1 and 10.3. 4.1.2 All general requirements in 4.2 to 4.7 shall
47、be met on completion of every pallet build-up process, and checked by the responsible agent prior to pallet release for loading on board an aircraft. 4.2 Mass 4.2.1 The completed pallets gross mass shall be systematically established by actual weighing on a scale with an accuracy of r 1 % or better,
48、 prior to the pallet being released for loading on to aircraft. This mass shall be entered and used throughout the flights mass and balance documentation. BS ISO 16412:200544.2.2 The pallets gross mass shall not exceed its own certified maximum gross mass, as engraved on its edge track, or the rated
49、 maximum value for the position it is intended to be loaded on in the aircraft or, when the position or the aircraft type is unknown at the time of build-up, the lowest of the possible (e.g. lower, main or upper deck position) maximum values (whichever is less). 4.3 Area load 4.3.1 The mass loaded on to any given area of significant size (typically more than 10 % to 20 % of the pallets surface) should meet the maximum area load limitation specified in the weight and balance manual for the lower, main or upper deck position on whic
