1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 16457:2014Space systems Spaceenvironment (naturaland artificial) TheEarths ionosphere model:international referenceionosphere (IRI) modeland extensions to theplasmasphereIncorporating corrigendum June 2014BS ISO 16457:2014National forewordThis British Standard is the
2、UK implementation of ISO 16457:2014. It supersedes DD ISO/TS 16457:2009 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee ACE/68, Space systems and operations, to Subcommittee ACE/68/-/4, Space systems and operations - Space environment (natural and arti
3、ficial).A list of organizations represented on this subcommittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published b
4、y BSI Standards Limited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 87078 1ICS 07.060; 49.140Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2014.Amendments/corrigenda issued sin
5、ce publicationDate Text affected30 June 2014 Implementation of ISO corrected text 15 June 2014: Foreword updatedBRITISH STANDARD ISO 2014Space systems Space environment (natural and artificial) The Earths ionosphere model: international reference ionosphere (IRI) model and extensions to the plasmasp
6、hereSystmes spatiaux Environnement spatial (naturel et artificiel) Guidage sur le modle de lionosphre internationale de rfrence (IRI) et extensions la plasmasphreINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO16457First edition2014-04-15Reference numberISO 16457:2014(E)Corrected version2014-06-15ii ISO 2014 All rights re
7、servedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior writ
8、ten permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 16
9、457:2014 ISO 16457:2014 (E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Terms and definitions . 13 Abbreviated terms 34 General considerations 35 Applicability 36 Model description . 47 Model content and inputs 48 Plasmasphere extension of the IRI model 58.1 Ge
10、neral . 58.2 Global Core Plasma Model (GCPM) . 58.3 Global Plasmasphere Ionosphere Density (GPID) model 58.4 IMAGE/RPI plasmasphere model . 58.5 IZMIRAN plasmasphere model . 59 Accuracy of the model . 6Annex A (informative) Brief introduction to ionosphere and plasmasphere physics. 7Annex B (informa
11、tive) Physical models. 9Bibliography .12BS ISO 16457:2014 ISO 16457:2014 (E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO t
12、echnical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates clos
13、ely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria n
14、eeded for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of pate
15、nt rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used
16、 in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barr
17、iers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee SC 14, Space systems and operations.This first edition of ISO 16457 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 16457
18、:2009, which has been technically revised.This corrected version of ISO 16457:2014 incorporates the following correction.In the Foreword, the following sentence has been added regarding the revision:This first edition of ISO 16457 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 16457:2009, which has been technically re
19、vised.iv ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16457:2014 ISO 16457:2014 (E)IntroductionGuided by the knowledge gained from empirical data analysis, this International Standard provides guidelines for specifying the global distribution of electron density, electron temperature, ion temperature, ion com
20、position, and total electron content through the Earths ionosphere and plasmasphere. The model recommended for the representation of these parameters in the ionosphere is the international reference ionosphere (IRI).IRI is an international project1)sponsored by the Committee on Space Research (COSPA
21、R) and the International Union of Radio Science (URSI). These organizations formed a working group in the late 1960s to produce an empirical standard model of the ionosphere based on all available data sources. The IRI Working Group consists of more than 50 international experts representing differe
22、nt countries and different measurement techniques and modelling communities. The group meets annually to discuss improvements and additions to the model. As a result of these activities, several steadily improved editions of the model have been released (see References 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 18, 19, 20, and
23、 53).For a given location over the globe, time, and date, IRI describes the monthly averages of electron density, electron temperature, ion temperature, and the percentage of O+, H+, He+, N+, NO+, O2+, and Cluster ions in the altitude range from 50 km to 1 500 km. In addition, IRI provides the elect
24、ron content by numerically integrating over the electron density height profile within user-provided integral boundaries. IRI is a climatological model describing monthly average conditions. The major data sources for building the IRI model are the worldwide network of ionosondes, the powerful incoh
25、erent scatter radars, the topside sounders, and in situ instruments flown on several satellites and rockets. This International Standard also presents several empirical and semi-empirical models that can be used to extend the IRI model to plasmasphere altitudes.One advantage of the empirical approac
26、h is that it solely depends on measurements and not on the evolving theoretical understanding of the processes that determine the electron and ion densities and temperatures in the Earths ionosphere. A physical model can help to find the best mathematical functions to represent variations of these p
27、arameters with altitude, latitude, longitude, time of day, day of year, and solar and magnetic activity.IRI is recommended for international use by COSPAR and URSI. The IRI model is updated and improved as new data and new sub-models become available. This International Standard provides a common fr
28、amework of the International Standard of the Earths ionosphere and plasmasphere for the potential users.1) The homepage of the IRI project is at http:/irimodel.org/. The IRI homepage provides access to the IRI FORTRAN computer code and an interactive system for computing and plotting IRI parameters
29、online A special PC Windows version of IRI-2001 with multiple plotting options is available from the University of Massachusetts Lowell at http:/umlcar.uml.edu/IRI-2001/16. The IRI-Plas code including IRI extension to the plasmasphere is available at http:/ftp.izmiran.ru/pub/izmiran/SPIM/. ISO 2014
30、All rights reserved vBS ISO 16457:2014 ISO 16457:2014 (E)Space systems Space environment (natural and artificial) The Earth s ionosphere model: international reference ionosphere (IRI) model and extensions to the plasmasphere1 ScopeThis International Standard provides guidance to potential users for
31、 the specification of the global distribution of ionosphere densities and temperatures, as well as the total content of electrons in the height interval from 50 km to 1 500 km. It includes and explains several options for a plasmaspheric extension of the model, embracing the geographical area betwee
32、n latitudes of 80S and 80N and longitudes of 0E to 360E, for any time of day, any day of year, and various solar and magnetic activity conditions.2 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.2.1ionosphereregion of the Earths atmosphere in the he
33、ight interval from 50 km to 1 500 km containing weakly ionized cold plasma2.2plasmaspheretorus of cold, relatively dense (10 cm3) plasma of mostly H+in the inner magnetosphere, which is trapped on the Earths magnetic field lines and co-rotates with the EarthNote 1 to entry: Cold plasma is considered
34、 to have an energy of between a few electronvolts and a few dozen electronvolts.2.3plasmapauseoutward boundary of the plasmasphere located at between two and six earth radii from the centre of the Earth and formed by geomagnetic field lines where the plasma density drops by a factor of 10 or more ac
35、ross a range of L-shells of as little as 0,1Note 1 to entry: The L-shell is a parameter describing a particular set of planetary magnetic field lines, often describing the set of magnetic field lines which cross the Earths magnetic equator at a number of Earth-radii equal to the L-value, e.g. “L = 2
36、” describes the set of the Earths magnetic field lines which cross the Earths magnetic equator two earth radii from the centre of the Earth.2.4solar activityseries of processes occurring in the suns atmosphere which affect the interplanetary space and the EarthNote 1 to entry: The level of solar act
37、ivity is characterized by indices.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16457:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 16457:2014 2.5ionospheric stormstorm lasting about a day, documented by depressions and/or enhancements of the ionospheric electron density during various phases of the stormNote 1 to entr
38、y: Ionospheric storms are the ultimate result of solar flares or coronal mass ejections, which produce large variations in the particle and electromagnetic radiation that hit Earths magnetosphere and ionosphere, as well as large-scale changes in the global neutral wind, composition, and temperature.
39、2.6sunspot numberR, alternatively called Ri or Rz, is a daily index of sunspot activity defined as R=k(10g+s) where s is the number of individual spots, g is the number of sunspot groups, and k is an observatory factor2.7R1212-month running mean of monthly sunspot number2.8kp indexkpplanetary three-
40、hour index of geomagnetic activity characterizing the disturbance in the Earths magnetic field over three-hour universal time (UT) intervalsNote 1 to entry: The index scale is uneven quasi-logarithmic and expressed in numbers from 0 to 9.2.9ap indexapthree-hour UT amplitude index of geomagnetic vari
41、ation equivalent to kpNote 1 to entry: It is expressed in 1 nT to 400 nT.2.10total electron contentTECintegral number of electrons in the column from a lower altitude boundary to an upper boundaryNote 1 to entry: Typically the integral is taken from the lower boundary of the ionosphere (65 km during
42、 daytime and 80 km during night time) to the plasmapause.Note 2 to entry: It is expressed in units of 1016electrons m2(TECU).2.11Ionosphere global indexIGionosphere-effective sunspot number56that is obtained by adjusting the CCIR maps7to global ionosonde measurements of the F2 plasma critical freque
43、ncy foF22.12IG1212-month running mean of monthly ionosphere-effective sunspot number2 ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 16457:2014 ISO 16457:2014 (E)3 Abbreviated termsIRI international reference ionosphereELF extremely low frequency (less than 3 kHz)VLF very low frequency (3 kHz to 30 kHz)LF low f
44、requency (30 kHz to 300 kHz)MF medium frequency (300 kHz to 3 MHz)HF high frequency (3 MHz to 30 MHz)VHF very high frequency (30 MHz to 300 MHz)UHF ultra high frequency (300 MHz to 3 000 MHz)4 General considerationsThis model for the representation of the ionospheric and plasmaspheric plasma paramet
45、ers is important to a wide spectrum of applications. Electromagnetic waves travelling through the ionized plasma at the Earths environment experience retardation and refraction effects. A remote sensing technique relying on signals traversing the ionosphere and plasmasphere therefore needs to accoun
46、t for the ionosphere-plasmasphere influence in its data analysis. Applications can be found in the disciplines of altimetry, radio astronomy, satellite communication, navigation and orbit determination.Radio signals, transmitted by modern communication and navigation systems can be heavily disturbed
47、 by space weather hazards. Thus, severe temporal and spatial changes of the electron density in the ionosphere and plasmasphere can significantly degrade the signal quality of various radio systems which even can lead to a complete loss of the signal. Model-based products providing specific space we
48、ather information, in particular now- and forecast of the ionospheric state, serve for improvement of the accuracy and reliability of impacted communication and navigation systems.For high frequency radio communication, a good knowledge of the heights and plasma frequencies of the reflective layers
49、of the ionosphere and the plasmasphere is critical for continuous and high-quality radio reception. High frequency communication remains of great importance in many remote locations of the globe. The model helps to estimate the effect of charged particles on technical devices in the Earths environment and defines the ionosphere-plasmasphere operational environment for existing and future systems of radio communication, radio navigation, and other relevant radio technologies in the medium and
