1、BRITISH STANDARD BS ISO 17313:2004 Soil quality Determination of hydraulic conductivity of saturated porous materials using a flexible wall permeameter ICS 13.080.40 BS ISO 17313:2004 This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 19 July 20
2、04 BSI 19 July 2004 ISBN 0 580 44102 4 National foreword This British Standard reproduces verbatim ISO 17313:2004 and implements it as the UK national standard. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/4, Soil quality, which has the responsibility to: A list of
3、 organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. Cross-references The British Standards which implement international publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Catalogue under the section entitled “International Standards Correspondenc
4、e Index”, or by using the “Search” facility of the BSI Electronic Catalogue or of British Standards Online. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Compliance with a British Standard does not of itsel
5、f confer immunity from legal obligations. aid enquirers to understand the text; present to the responsible international/European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed; monitor related international and European developments and pr
6、omulgate them in the UK. Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the ISO title page, pages ii to v, a blank page, pages 1 to 13 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. Amendments issued
7、since publication Amd. No. Date Comments Reference number ISO 17313:2004(E) OSI 4002INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17313 First edition 2004-07-01 Soil quality Determination of hydraulic conductivity of saturated porous materials using a flexible wall permeameter Qualit du sol Dtermination de la conducti
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13、naii ISO 4002 Allr ithgsr esedevrBSISO17313:2004IS:31371 O4002(E) I SO 4002 All irthgs ersedevr iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope 1 2 Terms and definitions. 1 3 Significance and use 1 4 Reagents 2 5 Apparatus 2 6 Test specimen . 5 6.1 Specimen dimensions 5 6.2 Undisturbed specimen
14、. 5 6.3 Laboratory-compacted specimen . 5 6.4 Other preparation methods 6 7 Procedure 6 7.1 Specimen set-up . 6 7.2 Specimen soaking. 6 7.3 Back-pressure saturation. 6 7.4 Consolidation 7 7.5 Permeation. 8 7.6 Final dimensions of the specimen 9 8 Calculation. 9 8.1 Tests at constant head and constan
15、t flow rate (Methods A and D). 9 8.2 Falling-head tests 10 9 Test report . 12 Bibliography . 13 BSISO17313:2004IS:31371 O4002(E) iv I SO 4002 All irthgs ersedevrForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies
16、). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and no
17、n-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Par
18、t 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting
19、 a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 17313 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 5, P
20、hysical methods. BSISO17313:2004IS:31371 O4002(E) I SO 4002 All irthgs ersedevr vIntroduction The rate of water flow through the soil is of considerable importance in many aspects of agricultural and urban life. The entry of water into soil, the movement of water to plant roots, the flow of water to
21、 drains and wells, and the evaporation of water from the soil surface are but a few of the obvious situations in which the rate of water flow plays an important role. Also in cases of soil pollution and polluted groundwater, prediction of the rate of movement of soil water is of great importance in
22、obtaining information about the spreading of pollutants. The soil properties that determine the behaviour of soil water flow systems are the hydraulic conductivity and water retention characteristics. The hydraulic conductivity of soil is a measure of its ability to transmit water. The water retenti
23、on characteristics are an expression of its ability to store water. These properties determine the response of a soil water system to imposed boundary conditions. BSISO17313:2004blank 4002:31371OSISBINTENRATIONAL TSANDADR IS:31371 O4002(E)I SO 4002 All irthgs ersedevr 1Soil quality Determination of
24、hydraulic conductivity of saturated porous materials using a flexible wall permeameter 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a test method for laboratory measurement of the hydraulic conductivity of water-saturated porous materials using a flexible wall permeameter. This International Standa
25、rd is applicable to undisturbed or compacted specimens that have a hydraulic conductivity between 1 10 5m/s (1 10 3cm/s) and 1 10 11m/s (1 10 9cm/s). Typical soil types falling in this category are clay, clay and sand tills, silt, peat, mud, etc. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this docu
26、ment, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 hydraulic conductivity k rate of discharge of water under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-sectional area of a porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient and standard temperature conditions (usually 20 C) 2.2 pore volume of flow cum
27、ulative quantity of flow into a test specimen divided by the volume of voids in the specimen 2.3 hydraulic gradient change in total hydraulic head of water per unit distance of flow 3 Significance and use This test method applies to the one-dimensional, laminar flow of water from bottom to top withi
28、n porous materials such as soil and rock. The hydraulic conductivity of porous materials generally decreases with an increasing amount of air in the pores of the material. This test method applies to water-saturated porous materials containing almost no air. This test method applies to permeation of
29、 porous materials with water. Permeation with other liquids, such as chemical wastes, can be accomplished using procedures similar to those described in this test method. However, this test method is only intended for use when water is the permeant liquid. It is assumed that Darcys law is valid and
30、that the hydraulic conductivity is essentially unaffected by hydraulic gradient. The validity of Darcys law can be evaluated by measuring the hydraulic conductivity of the specimen at three hydraulic gradients; if all measured values are similar (within about 25 %), then Darcys law may be taken as v
31、alid. However, when the hydraulic gradient acting on a test specimen is changed, the state of stress will also change, and, if the specimen is compressible, the volume of the specimen will change. Thus, some BSISO17313:2004IS:31371 O4002(E) 2 I SO 4002 All irthgs ersedevrchange in hydraulic conducti
32、vity can occur when the hydraulic gradient is altered, even in cases where Darcys law is valid. Normally, hydraulic conductivity measured by laboratory testing is different from large-scale field-test results. The reason is that samples of the size described in this International Standard are repres
33、entative for homogeneous soil, but seldom for stratified, fissured or other non-homogeneous soil. In order to obtain results representing the hydraulic conductivity in the field in these cases, large-scale samples or field-testing shall be considered. 4 Reagents 4.1 Permeant water, as specified by t
34、he requester. If no specification is made, tap water shall be used for the permeant liquid. The type of water utilized shall be indicated in the test report. 4.2 De-aerated water. To avoid introducing air, and to aid in removing as much air from the test specimen as possible, de-aerated water shall
35、be used. To prevent dissolution of air back into the water, de-aerated water shall not be exposed to air for prolonged periods. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Hydraulic system Constant head (Method A), falling head (Methods B and C), or constant rate of flow (Method D) systems may be utilized provided they meet th
36、e criteria outlined as follows. a) Constant head (Method A) The system shall be capable of maintaining constant hydraulic pressure. Pressures shall be measured by a pressure gauge, electronic pressure transducer or any other device of suitable accuracy. b) Falling head The system shall allow for mea
37、surement of the loss of applied head. The head loss shall be measured with a pressure gauge, electronic pressure transducer, engineers scale, graduated pipette, or any other device of suitable accuracy. Falling head tests may be performed with either a constant tail water elevation (Method B) or a r
38、ising tail water elevation (Method C). c) Constant rate of flow (Method D) The system shall be capable of maintaining a constant rate of flow through the specimen to within 5 % or better. Flow measurement shall be by calibrated syringe, graduated pipette, or other device of suitable accuracy. The hy
39、draulic system shall be designed to facilitate rapid and complete removal of free air bubbles from flow lines. The hydraulic system shall have the capability to apply back-pressure to the specimen to facilitate saturation. The back-pressure may be provided by a compressed gas supply, a deadweight ac
40、ting on a piston, or any other method capable of applying and controlling the back-pressure to the tolerance required. The above-mentioned test methods are considered equivalent. The accuracy of the test results depends on the instruments used. BSISO17313:2004IS:31371 O4002(E) I SO 4002 All irthgs e
41、rsedevr 35.2 Flow measurement system. Both inflow and outflow volumes shall be measured, unless the lack of leakage, continuity of flow and cessation of consolidation or swelling can be verified by other means. Flow volumes shall be measured by a graduated accumulator, graduated pipette or vertical
42、standpipe in conjunction with an electronic pressure transducer or other column-measuring device of suitable accuracy. Head losses in the tubes, valves, porous end pieces, and filter paper may lead to error, and shall be less than 10 % of the head loss of the sample. 5.3 System for pressurizing the
43、permeameter cell. The pressurizing system may consist of a reservoir connected to the permeameter cell and partially filled with de-aerated water, with the upper part of the reservoir connected to a compressed gas supply or other source of pressure. The gas pressure shall be controlled by a pressure
44、 regulator and measured by a pressure gauge, electronic pressure transducer or any other device capable of measuring to the tolerance required. A hydraulic system pressurized by deadweight acting on a piston or any other pressure device capable of applying and controlling the permeameter cell pressu
45、re to the tolerance required may be used. 5.4 Permeameter cell, in which the specimen and porous end pieces, enclosed by a membrane sealed to the cap and base, are subjected to controlled fluid pressures. A cell (5) in a typical permeameter system is shown in Figure 1. The permeameter cell may allow
46、 for observation of changes in height (l o ) of the soil sample. In order to facilitate gas removal, and thus saturation of the hydraulic system, drainage lines lead to the test specimen, to the base and top cap. The drainage lines shall be controlled by no-volume-change valves, such as ball valves,
47、 and shall be designed to minimize dead space in the lines. 5.5 Top cap and base, impermeable and rigid, to support the specimen and provide for transmission of permeant liquid to and from the specimen. 5.6 Flexible membrane, used to encase the specimen and provide reliable protection against leakag
48、e. The membrane shall be carefully inspected prior to use, and if any flaws or pinholes are evident, the membrane shall be discarded. To minimize restraint of the specimen, the diameter or width of the unstretched membrane shall be between 90 % and 95 % that of the specimen. The membrane shall be se
49、aled to the specimen base and cap by rubber O-rings for which the unstressed, inside diameter is less than 90 % of the diameter of the base and cap, or by any other method that will produce an adequate seal. 5.7 Porous end pieces, of silicon carbide, aluminium oxide, or other material that is not attacked by the specimen or permeant liquid. The end pieces shall have plane and smooth surfaces and be free of cracks, chips and non-
