1、BS ISO 18221:2016Microscopes Microscopeswith digital imaging displays Information provided tothe user regarding imagingperformanceBSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06BS ISO 18221:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implem
2、entation of ISO 18221:2016.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee CPW/172, Optics and Photonics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provi
3、sions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 85090 5 ICS 37.020 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was publishe
4、d under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 July 2016.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 18221:2016 ISO 2016Microscopes Microscopes with digital imaging displays Information provided to the user regarding imaging performanceMicroscope
5、s Microscopes avec crans daffichage numrique Informations fournies lutilisateur concernant la performance daffichageINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18221First edition2016-07-01Reference numberISO 18221:2016(E)BS ISO 18221:2016ISO 18221:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO
6、2016, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permissio
7、n. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 18221:2016ISO 18221:201
8、6(E)Foreword iv1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 25 Magnification . 35.1 Optical magnification, MTOT PROJ35.2 Display magnification, MDIS35.3 Visual display magnification, MDIS VIS36 Resolving power limit 36.1 Optical resolving power limi
9、t, RLOPT36.2 Sensor resolving power limit, RLSEN.46.3 Display resolving power limit, RLDIS.46.4 System resolving power limit, RLSYS.47 Useful range of magnification . 57.1 Useful range of viewing distance . 57.2 Useful range of visual magnification 57.3 Empty magnification 68 Object field 68.1 Objec
10、t field limited by the sensor . 68.2 Object field limited by the display 68.3 Object field of the microscopy system 79 Depth of field 710 Information to be provided to the user by manufacturers . 810.1 General information . 810.2 Imaging performance data . 8Annex A (informative) Examples for informa
11、tion to be provided to the user . 9Bibliography .13 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 18221:2016ISO 18221:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing Intern
12、ational Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with
13、 ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives,
14、Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of th
15、e elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations r
16、eceived (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs
17、adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 172, Optics and photonics, Subcommittee SC 5, Microscopes and endoscopes.iv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 182
18、21:2016INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18221:2016(E)Microscopes Microscopes with digital imaging displays Information provided to the user regarding imaging performance1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies the minimum information to be provided to the user by the manufacturers of microscopes with
19、digital displays regarding imaging performance.It further specifies terms and definitions for describing the optical performance of the digital imaging path of microscopy systems including the observation of the image on digital displays.NOTE Terms and definitions for the direct visual observation w
20、ith eyepieces are specified in ISO 8039 and ISO 10934-1.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest
21、edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 10934-1, Optics and optical instruments Vocabulary for microscopy Part 1: Light microscopyISO 10934-2, Optics and optical instruments Vocabulary for microscopy Part 2: Advanced techniques in light microscopy3 Terms and definit
22、ionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 10934-1, ISO 10934-2 and the following apply.NOTE Terms shown in italics within a definition or a note are defined elsewhere within this International Standard or in ISO 10934.3.1digital microscopy systeminstrument consist
23、ing of an objective, an image sensor (3.2) and a digital display (3.3) to make visible minute details that are not seen with unaided eyeNote 1 to entry: The system might include means for image enhancement, image analysis, archiving, etc.3.2image sensordevice to transform an optical image into a dig
24、ital image3.3digital displayoutput device for the visual presentation of a digital image and other information3.4resolving power limitmaximum spatial frequency distinguishable in object space, expressed in lp/mmNote 1 to entry: The resolving power actually achieved will always be lower than the reso
25、lving power limit due to reduced contrast, moir patterns, etc. In addition, it depends on sensor type, object structure, illumination, etc. ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18221:2016ISO 18221:2016(E)3.5pixel pitchdistance between the centres of adjacent pixels (picture elements) in an image sen
26、sor (3.2) or a digital display (3.3)3.6line pairone line and one space between the lines of a spatial grid with equal line thickness and space width between lines3.7viewing distancedistance between the digital display (3.3) and the observers eye4 Symbols and abbreviated termsc1coefficient related to
27、 the operation mode of the image sensordAX SYSdepth of field for observation of the image presented on the digital displaydVIEWactual viewing distancedVIEW USEFuseful range of viewing distancehLIM DISheight of the object field limited by the image area in the displayhLIM SENheight of the object fiel
28、d limited by the sensorhSYSheight of the object field of the microscopy system wavelengthMDISdisplay lateral magnificationMDIS VISvisual display magnificationMDIS VIS USEFuseful range of the perceived visual display magnificationMTOT PROJlateral magnification at the image projected onto the sensorMT
29、OT VIStotal visual magnification of the virtual microscope image formed by the eyepieceNA numerical apertureNxDISnumber of image pixels in the display in x-directionNxSENnumber of active sensor pixels in x-directionNyDISnumber of image pixels in the display in y-directionNySENnumber of active sensor
30、 pixels in y-directionn refractive index of the object or of the immersion mediappDISpixel pitch of the digital displayppSENpixel pitch of the image sensorRLDISdisplay resolving power limit in object spaceRLOPToptical resolving power limit in object spaceRLSENsensor resolving power limit in object s
31、paceRLSYSsystem resolving power limit in object spacewLIM DISwidth of the object field limited by the image area in the displaywLIM SENwidth of the object field limited by the sensorwSYSwidth of the object field of the microscopy system2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 18221:2016ISO 18221:2016(E)
32、5 Magnification5.1 Optical magnification, MTOT PROJMTOT PROJis the lateral magnification at the image projected onto the image sensor. It should be expressed in proportional form, e.g. 10:1.5.2 Display magnification, MDISMDISis the lateral magnification at the digital image presented on the digital
33、display or monitor. It should be expressed in proportional form, e.g. 100:1.NOTE The display magnification, MDIS, is the ratio of a given distance in the image presented on the monitor to the corresponding distance in the object.5.3 Visual display magnification, MDIS VISMDIS VISis the display latera
34、l magnification by observing the digital image presented on the digital display. It should be expressed in numerical form with the multiplication sign, e.g. 50.The visual display magnification is given by:MMdDISVISDISVIEW=250(1)whereMDIS VISis the visual display magnification;MDISis the display late
35、ral magnification;250 is the reference viewing distance in mm;dVIEWis the actual viewing distance in mm.NOTE The value of MDIS VISis comparable with the value of MTOT VISof light microscopes with eyepieces.6 Resolving power limit6.1 Optical resolving power limit, RLOPTRLOPTis the lateral resolving p
36、ower limit in object space that is limited by the optical system. It should be expressed in line pairs per millimetre, e.g. 200 lp/mm. It is given by:RLNAOPT=2106(2)whereRLOPTis the optical resolving power limit in object space in line pairs per millimetre;NA is the effective numerical aperture at o
37、bject side of the optical system projecting the image onto the sensor; is the wavelength in nm.NOTE 1 The formula for RLOPTdoes not apply for super-resolution. ISO 2016 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 18221:2016ISO 18221:2016(E)NOTE 2 In consideration of consistency with the definition of resolving limi
38、t of electric equipment, the optical resolving limit defined in this International Standard is based on the cut-off frequency of an optical system.6.2 Sensor resolving power limit, RLSENRLSENis the lateral resolving power limit in object space that is limited by the image sensor. It should be expres
39、sed in line pairs per millimetre, e.g. 100 lp/mm. It is given by:RLMcppSENTOT PROJSEN=5001(3)whereRLSENis the sensor resolving power limit in object space in line pairs per millimetre;MTOT PROJis the lateral magnification at the image projected onto the sensor;c1is a coefficient related to the opera
40、tion mode of the image sensor;ppSENis the pixel pitch of the image sensor in m.EXAMPLES for c11 corresponds to a standard or full frame mode;2 corresponds to a 2 2 binning mode;3 corresponds to a 3 3 binning mode;0,5 corresponds to a pixel shift mode with a lateral movement of the image sensor of 0,
41、5 ppSEN.6.3 Display resolving power limit, RLDISRLDISis the lateral resolving power limit in object space that is limited by the digital display. It should be expressed in line pairs per millimetre, e.g. 50 lp/mm. It is given by:RLMppDISDISDIS=2(4)whereRLDISis the display resolving power limit in ob
42、ject space in line pairs per millimetre;MDISis the display lateral magnification;ppDISis the pixel pitch of the digital display in mm.6.4 System resolving power limit, RLSYSRLSYSis the lateral resolving power limit in object space of the microscopy system. It should be expressed in line pairs per mi
43、llimetre, e.g. 50 lp/mm. Its value corresponds to the smallest value of either the optical resolving power limit or the sensor resolving power limit or the display resolving power limit, for example:RL RL RL RLSYSOPT SENDIS=min( ;) (5)where4 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 18221:2016ISO 18221:201
44、6(E)RLSYSis the system resolving power limit in object space in line pairs per millimetre;RLOPTis the optical resolving power limit in line pairs per millimetre;RLSENis the sensor resolving power limit in object space in line pairs per millimetre;RLDISis the display resolving power limit in object s
45、pace in line pairs per millimetre.NOTE If RLSYSis smaller than RLOPT, the image quality might be limited by moir effects, especially when inspecting periodically structured specimens.7 Useful range of magnification7.1 Useful range of viewing distanceWithin the useful range of viewing distance, resol
46、ved details are seen by the observers eye under an angle between 2,3 and 4,6 (minutes of arc). Its value is given by:dMRLVIEW USEFDISSYS=6023 46180(, ,) pi(7)wheredVIEW USEFis the useful range of viewing distance in mm;2,3 4,6 is the range of angles in minutes of arc that allows to resolve 1 line pa
47、ir by the observers eye;MDISis the display lateral magnification;RLSYSis the system resolving power limit in object space in line pairs per millimetre.7.2 Useful range of visual magnificationThe perceived visual magnification is within the useful range of magnification if the actual viewing distance
48、 is in its useful range. The value of the useful range of magnification is given by:MRLRLDIS VIS USEF SYSSYS= =(, ,)()23 4660 18025036pi(8)whereMDIS VIS USEFis the useful range of the perceived visual display magnification;2,3 4,6 is the range of angles in minutes of arc that allows to resolve 1 lin
49、e pair by the observers eye;250 is the reference viewing distance in mm;RLSYSis the system resolving power limit in object space in line pairs per millimetre.NOTE 1 MDIS VIS USEFis comparable with the useful range of magnification for visual observation of light microscopes with eyepieces which is usually taken to lie between 500 and 1 000 times the numerical aperture of the objective.NOTE 2 When the actual value of the perceived visual display magnification is less than the lower limit of MDIS VIS US
