1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 18249:2015Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission testing Specific methodology andgeneral evaluation criteriafor testing of fibre-reinforcedpolymersBS ISO 18249:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18249:2015. T
2、he UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee WEE/46, Non-destructive testing.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users
3、are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 81080 0 ICS 19.100 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the
4、 Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e d ISO 2015Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission testing Specific methodology and general evaluation criteria for testing of fibre-reinforced polymersEssai non destru
5、ctif Essai de lmission acoustique Mthodologie spcifique et critres dvaluation gnrale dessai des polymres renforcs de fibreINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO 18249First edition 2015-05-01Reference number ISO 18249:2015(E)BS ISO 18249:2015ISO 18249:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCU
6、MENT ISO 2015All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can
7、 be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 18249:2015ISO 18249:2015(E)Forew
8、ord ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 24 Personnel qualification . 35 Acoustic emission sources and acoustic behaviour . 35.1 Acoustic emission source mechanisms 35.2 Wave propagation and attenuation characterization 35.3 Test temperature . 45.4 Source loca
9、tion 45.5 Analysis of acoustic emission from fibre-reinforced polymers. 56 Instrumentation and monitoring guidelines 56.1 Instrumentation . 56.2 Sensors . 66.3 Sensor location and spacing 66.4 Sensor coupling and mounting . 66.5 Detection and evaluation threshold 66.6 Application of load . 76.7 Grap
10、hs for real-time monitoring . 77 Specific methodology . 77.1 Size of component 77.2 Testing of specimens 87.3 Testing of components and structures . 87.3.1 Preliminary information . 87.3.2 Test preparation . 87.3.3 Load profiles 97.3.4 Written test procedure 117.3.5 Evaluation criteria .127.3.6 Stop
11、 criteria .157.3.7 Health monitoring .168 Interpretation of acoustic emission test results/source mechanisms 169 Report .16Bibliography .18 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 18249:2015ISO 18249:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide f
12、ederation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that co
13、mmittee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document
14、and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, P
15、art 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of
16、the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific te
17、rms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword Supplementary information.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testi
18、ng, Subcommittee SC 9, Acoustic emission testing.iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 18249:2015ISO 18249:2015(E)IntroductionThe increasing use of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) materials in structural (e.g. aerospace, automotive, civil engineering) and infrastructural applications (e.g. gas cylind
19、ers, storage tanks, pipelines) requires respective developments in the field of non-destructive testing.Because of its sensitivity to the typical damage mechanisms in FRP, acoustic emission testing (AT) is uniquely suited as a test method for this class of materials.It is already being used for load
20、 test monitoring (increasing test safety) and for proof-testing, periodic testing and periodic or continuous, real-time monitoring (health monitoring) of pressure vessels, storage tanks, and other safety-relevant FRP structures.Acoustic emission testing shows potential where established non-destruct
21、ive test methods (e.g. ultrasonic testing or water-jacket tests) are not applicable (e.g. thick carbon-fibre reinforced gas cylinders used for the storage and transport of compressed natural gas (CNG), gaseous hydrogen).The general principles outlined in EN 13554 apply to all classes of materials bu
22、t this International Standard emphasizes applications to metallic components (see EN 13554:2011, Clause 6).However, the properties of FRP relevant to AT testing are distinctly different from those of metals.FRP structures are inherently non-homogeneous and show a certain degree of anisotropic behavi
23、our, depending on fibre orientation and stacking sequence of plies, respectively.Material composition and properties, and geometry affect wave propagation, e.g. mode, velocity, dispersion, and attenuation, and hence the AT signals recorded by the sensors.Composites with a distinct viscoelastic polym
24、er matrix (e.g. thermoplastics) possess a comparatively high acoustic wave attenuation which is dependent on wave propagation parallel or perpendicular to the direction of fibre orientation, plate wave mode, frequency, and temperature-dependent relaxation behaviour.Therefore, successful AT of FRP ma
25、terials, components, and structures requires a specific methodology (e.g. storage of complete waveforms, specific sensors and sensor arrays, specific threshold settings, suitable loading patterns, improved data analysis), different from that applied to metals.There are recent developments in acousti
26、c emission testing, e.g. modal AT (wave and wave mode analysis in time and frequency domain) and pattern recognition analysis. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18249:2015ISO 18249:2015(E)BS ISO 18249:2015Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission testing Specific methodology and general evaluatio
27、n criteria for testing of fibre-reinforced polymers1 ScopeThis International Standard describes the general principles of acoustic emission testing (AT) of materials, components, and structures made of fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) with the aim of materials characterization, proof testing and manu
28、facturing quality control, retesting and in-service testing, and health monitoring.This International Standard has been designed to describe specific methodology to assess the integrity of fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP), components, or structures or to identify critical zones of high damage accumul
29、ation or damage growth under load (e.g. suitable instrumentation, typical sensor arrangements, and location procedures).It also describes available, generally applicable evaluation criteria for AT of FRP and outlines procedures for establishing such evaluation criteria in case they are lacking.This
30、International Standard also presents formats for the presentation of acoustic emission test data that allows the application of qualitative evaluation criteria, both online during testing and by post-test analysis, and that simplify comparison of acoustic emission test results obtained from differen
31、t test sites and organizations.NOTE The structural significance of the acoustic emission cannot in all cases definitely be assessed based on AT evaluation criteria only but can require further testing and assessment (e.g. with other non-destructive test methods or fracture mechanics calculations).2
32、Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendmen
33、ts) applies.ISO 9712:2012, Non-destructive testing Qualification and certification of NDT personnelISO 12716:2001, Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission inspection VocabularyISO/IEC 17025:2005, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratoriesEN 13477-1:2001, Non-de
34、structive testing Acoustic emission Equipment characterisation Part 1: Equipment descriptionEN 13477-2:2010, Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission Equipment characterisation Part 2: Verification of operating characteristicsEN 14584, Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission Examination of metall
35、ic pressure equipment during proof testing Planar location of AE sourcesINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18249:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18249:2015ISO 18249:2015(E)EN 15495, Non-destructive testing Acoustic emission Examination of metallic pressure equipment during proof testing Zone lo
36、cation of AE sources3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12716:2001 and the following apply.3.1fibreslender and greatly elongated solid materialNote 1 to entry: Typically with an aspect ratio greater than 5 and tensile modulus greater than
37、20 GPa. The fibres used for continuous (filamentary) or discontinuous reinforcement are usually glass, carbon, or aramide.3.2polymer matrixsurrounding macromolecular substance within which fibres are embeddedNote 1 to entry: Polymer matrices are usually thermosets (e.g. epoxy, vinylester polyimide,
38、or polyester) or high-performance thermoplastics e.g. poly(amide imide), poly(ether ether ketone), or polyimide. The mechanical properties of polymer matrices are significantly affected by temperature, time, aging, and environment.3.3fibre laminatetwo-dimensionally element made up of two or more lay
39、ers (plies of the same material with identical orientation) from fibre-reinforced polymersNote 1 to entry: They are compacted by sealing under heat and/or pressure. Laminates are stacked together by plane (or curved) layers of unidirectional fibres or woven fabric in a polymer matrix. Layers can be
40、of various thicknesses and consist of identical or different fibre and polymer matrix materials. Fibre orientation can vary from layer to layer.3.4fibre-reinforced polymer materialFRPpolymer matrix composite with one or more fibre orientations with respect to some reference directionNote 1 to entry:
41、 Those are usually continuous fibre laminates. Typical as-fabricated geometries of continuous fibres include uniaxial, cross-ply, and angle-ply laminates or woven fabrics. FRPs are also made from discontinuous fibres such as short fibre, long-fibre, or random mat reinforcement.3.5delaminationintra-
42、or inter-laminar fracture (crack) in composite materials under different modes of loadingNote 1 to entry: Delamination mostly occurs between the fibre layers by separation of laminate layers with the weakest bonding or the highest stresses under static or repeated cyclic stresses (fatigue), impact,
43、etc. Delamination involves a large number of micro-fractures and secondary effects such as rubbing between fracture surfaces. It develops inside of the composite, without being noticeable on the surface and it is often connected with significant loss of mechanical stiffness and strength.3.6micro-fra
44、cture (of composites)occurrence of local failure mechanisms on a microscopic level, such as matrix failure (crazing, cracking), fibre/matrix interface failure (debonding), or fibre pull-out, as well as fibre failure (breakage, buckling)Note 1 to entry: It is caused by local overstress of the composi
45、te. Accumulation of micro-failures leads to macro-failure and determines ultimate strength and life-time.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 18249:2015ISO 18249:2015(E)4 Personnel qualificationIt is assumed that acoustic emission testing is performed by qualified and capable personnel. In order to
46、prove this qualification, it is recommended to qualify the personnel in accordance with ISO 9712.5 Acoustic emission sources and acoustic behaviour5.1 Acoustic emission source mechanismsDamage of FRP as a result of micro- and macro-fracture mechanisms produces high acoustic emission activity and int
47、ensity making it particularly suitable for acoustic emission testing (AT).The following are the common failure mechanisms in FRP detected by AT: matrix cracking; fibre/matrix interface debonding; fibre pull-out; fibre breakage; intra- or inter-laminar crack (delamination/splitting) propagation.The r
48、esulting acoustic emission from FRP depends on many factors, such as material components, laminate lay-up, manufacturing process, discontinuities, applied load, geometry, and environmental test conditions (temperature, humidity, exposure to fluid or gaseous media, or ultraviolet radiation). Therefor
49、e, interpretation of acoustic emission under given conditions requires understanding of these factors and experience with acoustic emission from the particular material and construction under known stress conditions.Fracture of FRP produces burst type acoustic emission, high activity; however, might give the appearance of continuous emission.For certain types of construction, widely distributed AE sources from matrix or interfacial micro-failure mechanisms under given conditions commonly represent
