1、BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 18283:2006Incorporating corrigenda June 2008and May 2009 Hard coal and coke Manual samplingICS 73.040; 75.160.10g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38
2、g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18283:2006, incorporating corrigendum May 2009. Together with BS ISO 13909-1:2001, BS ISO 13909-2:2001, BS ISO 13909-3:2001, BS ISO 13909-4:2001, BS ISO 13909-5:2001, BS ISO 13909-6:2001, BS ISO
3、 13909-7:2001 and BS ISO 13909-8:2001, it supersedes BS 1017-1:1989 and BS 1017-2:1994 which have been withdrawn.The start and finish of text introduced or altered by corrigendum is indicated in the text by tags. Text altered by ISO corrigendum May 2009 is indicated in the text by .The UK participat
4、ion in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/16, Solid mineral fuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for
5、 its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.BS ISO 18283:2006This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 October 2006 BSI 2009Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationD
6、ate Comments 30 June 2008 Supersession details in national foreword updated30 November 2009 Implementation of ISO corrigendum May 2009ISBN 978 0 580 68677 1Reference numberISO 18283:2006(E)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO18283First edition2006-09-15Hard coal and coke Manual sampling Houille et coke chanti
7、llonnage manuel BS ISO 18283:2006ii iiiContents Page Foreword. v Introduction . vi 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 2 4 Establishing a sampling scheme 5 4.1 General. 5 4.2 Sampling methods 6 4.3 Design of the sampling scheme 6 4.4 Precision of sampling. 9 4.5 Checking
8、the overall precision for the lot by calculation and selection of sampling scheme. 23 4.6 Determination of acquired precision by replicate sampling 23 4.7 Size analysis 24 5 Methods of sampling 25 5.1 General. 25 5.2 Sampling by time interval 25 5.3 Sampling by mass interval 25 5.4 Stratified random
9、 sampling . 26 5.5 Extracting the increment 26 5.6 Fuel in motion . 27 5.7 Moisture/common sample . 29 5.8 Different fuels 30 5.9 Random selection of increments 30 6 Sampling equipment. 31 6.1 General. 31 6.2 Examples . 32 7 Handling and storage of samples . 39 7.1 Sample size . 39 7.2 Time 39 7.3 D
10、ivided sample 39 7.4 Containers . 39 7.5 Moisture loss/breakage or degradation 40 7.6 Identification/labelling 41 8 Sample preparation 41 8.1 General. 41 8.2 Constitution of a sample 41 8.3 Division 42 8.4 Reduction 52 8.5 Mixing. 53 8.6 Air-drying. 53 8.7 Coal Preparation of test samples . 54 8.8 C
11、oke Preparation of test samples 61 9 Packing and marking of samples and sampling report 64 Annex A (informative) Example of calculation of precision, mass of increments, number of sub-lots and number of increments per sub-lot 66 BS ISO 18283:2006iv Annex B (informative) Methods of sampling large fue
12、ls and fuels from stationary lots. 69 Bibliography . 71 BS ISO 18283:2006vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO te
13、chnical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates close
14、ly with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft
15、 International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this docume
16、nt may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 18283 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels, Subcommittee SC 4, Sampling. This first edition of ISO 18283 cancels and replaces ISO 1988:1975 and I
17、SO 2309:1980, which have been technically revised. BS ISO 18283:2006vi Introduction Mechanical sampling from moving streams is the preferred method for sampling fuels. However, often mechanical facilities are not available. Moreover, for sized coal or coke, mechanical sampling can be a problem becau
18、se of (size) degradation by the sampling system. The fundamental requirements of sampling are that all particles of the fuel in the lot are accessible to the sampling instrument and that each individual particle has an equal probability of being selected and included in the sample. When sampling man
19、ually, conditions are often far from ideal. The methods described in this International Standard are intended to obtain the most representative sample that can be achieved. Manual sampling should only be applied if no possibility for mechanical sampling exists. The purpose of taking and preparing a
20、sample of fuel is to provide a test sample that, when analysed, provides test results representative of the lot sampled. The first stage of sampling, known as primary sampling, is the taking from positions distributed over the entire lot of an adequate number of fuel portions known as primary increm
21、ents. The primary increments are then combined into a sample, either “as taken” or after having been divided, in order to reduce the mass of the sample to a manageable size. From this sample, the required number and types of test samples are prepared by a series of processes jointly known as sample
22、preparation. In devising a sampling procedure, it is also essential to guard against bias in the taking of increments. Bias can arise from a) incorrect location/timing of increments, b) incorrect delimitation and extraction of increments, c) loss of integrity of increments after extraction. Methods
23、for measuring bias are described in this International Standard. BS ISO 18283:20061Hard coal and coke Manual sampling CAUTION Sampling can involve hazardous materials, operations, equipment and situations. However, it is beyond the scope of this International Standard to address all of the safety pr
24、oblems associated with the use of this International Standard. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the parties concerned to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1 Scope ISO 18283 defines the basic terms used
25、in manual sampling of hard coal and coke and describes the general principles of sampling. It specifies procedures and requirements for establishing a manual sampling scheme, methods of manual sampling, sampling equipment, handling and storage of samples, sample preparation and a sampling report. Th
26、is International Standard applies to manual sampling from fuels in movement. Guidelines for manual sampling from fuels in stationary situations are given in Annex B, but this method of sampling does not provide a representative test sample and the sampling report shall state this. ISO 18283 does not
27、 include sampling of brown coals and lignites, which is described in ISO 5069-1 and ISO 5069-2, nor sampling from coal seams, for which guidance is given in ISO 14180. Mechanical sampling of coal and coke is covered in ISO 13909 (all parts). 2 Normative references The following referenced documents
28、are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 579, Coke Determination of total moisture ISO 589:2003, Hard coal Determination
29、of total moisture ISO 687, Solid mineral fuels Coke Determination of moisture in the general analysis test sample ISO 3310-1, Test sieves Technical requirements and testing Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth ISO 13909-7, Hard coal and coke Mechanical sampling Part 7: Methods for determining the
30、 precision of sampling, sample preparation and testing ISO 13909-8, Hard coal and coke Mechanical sampling Part 8: Methods of testing for bias BS ISO 18283:20062 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following definitions apply. 3.1 air-drying process of bringing the moistur
31、e content of the sample near to equilibrium with the atmosphere in the area in which further reduction and division of the sample are to take place NOTE Air-drying to equilibrium with the atmosphere applies to coal. Drying of coke is generally to facilitate sample preparation. 3.2 bias systematic er
32、ror that leads to the average value of a series of results being persistently higher or persistently lower than those that are obtained using a reference sampling method 3.3 common sample sample collected for more than one intended use 3.4 continuous sampling taking of a sample from each consecutive
33、 sub-lot so that increments are taken at uniform intervals whenever the fuel is handled at the point of sampling 3.5 divided increment part obtained from the division of the increment in order to decrease its mass NOTE Such division can be done with or without prior size reduction. 3.6 fixed-mass di
34、vision method of sample division in which the mass retained is predetermined and independent of the mass of the feed 3.7 fixed-ratio division method of sample division in which the division ratio is predetermined, i.e. the mass of sample retained is a fixed proportion of the mass of the feed 3.8 fue
35、l hard coal or coke 3.9 general analysis test sample sample prepared to pass a sieve of nominal size of openings 212 m in accordance with ISO 3310-1, used for the determination of most chemical and some physical characteristics 3.10 increment portion of fuel extracted in a single operation of the sa
36、mpling device 3.11 intermittent sampling taking of samples from only certain sub-lots of fuel BS ISO 18283:200633.12 lot defined quantity of fuel for which the quality is to be determined NOTE A lot can be divided into sub-lots. 3.13 manual sampling extraction of increments by human effort 3.14 mass
37、-basis sampling taking of increments whereby the position of each increment to be extracted from the stream of fuel is measured by a mass interval of stream flow and the increment mass is fixed 3.15 mechanical sampling extraction of increments by mechanical means 3.16 moisture sample sample taken sp
38、ecifically for the purpose of determining total moisture NOTE For coke, this sample can also be used for general analysis. 3.17 nominal top size aperture size of the smallest sieve in the range included in the R 20 Series (see ISO 565, square hole) on which not more than 5 % of the sample is retaine
39、d 3.18 physical sample sample taken specifically for the determination of physical characteristics, e.g. physical strength indices or size distribution 3.19 precision closeness of agreement between independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions NOTE 1 This is often defined using an in
40、dex of precision, such as 2 standard deviations. NOTE 2 A determination might be made with great precision and the standard deviation of a number of determinations on the same sub-lot might, therefore, be low; but such results are accurate only if they are free from bias. 3.20 primary increment incr
41、ement extracted at the first stage of sampling, prior to any sample division and/or sample reduction 3.21 random sampling extracting of increments at random mass or time intervals 3.22 replicate sampling extracting, at intervals, of increments that are combined in rotation into different containers
42、to give two or more samples of approximately equal mass 3.23 sample quantity of fuel, representative of a larger mass for which the quality is to be determined BS ISO 18283:20064 3.24 sample division process in sample preparation whereby the sample is divided into representative, separate portions 3
43、.25 sample preparation process of bringing samples to the condition required for analysis or testing NOTE Sample preparation covers mixing, particle size reduction, sample division and sometimes air-drying of the sample and may be performed in several stages 3.26 sample reduction process in sample p
44、reparation whereby the particle size of the sample is reduced by crushing or grinding 3.27 size analysis sample sample taken specifically for particle size analysis 3.28 standard deviation square root of the variance 3.29 stratified random sampling extracting of an increment at random within the mas
45、s interval or time interval determined for mass-basis sampling or time-basis sampling respectively 3.30 sub-lot part of a lot for which a test result is required 3.31 systematic sampling extracting of increments at uniform mass or time intervals according to a predetermined plan 3.32 test sample sam
46、ple which is prepared to meet the requirements of a specific test 3.33 time-basis sampling extracting of increments whereby the position of each increment to be collected from the stream of fuel is measured by a time interval and the increment mass is proportional to the flow rate at the time the in
47、crement is taken 3.34 unit mass quantity of material, which is defined by the sampling process (usually the primary increment) 3.35 variance measure of dispersion, which is the sum of the squared deviations of observations from their average divided by one less than the number of observations BS ISO
48、 18283:200654 Establishing a sampling scheme 4.1 General 4.1.1 Sampling The preferred method for manual sampling of fuels is during handling: e.g. (un)loading of ships, barges, wagons, trucks or during formation of or reclaiming from stockpiles. For safety and practical reasons, manual sampling of m
49、oving streams is sometimes not possible. NOTE Manual sampling in stationary situations (see Annex B) refers to static lots, where no formation of or reclaiming from piles/heaps takes place. Increments should be collected by trained samplers. Instructions should be as complete and as simple as possible; in particular, the position of sampling and the times at which increments are taken should be specified and not left to the personal judgement of the sampler. These instructions, which should preferably be set out in writing, should be prepared by the sampl
