1、Underwater acoustics TerminologyBS ISO 18405:2017BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18405:2017.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/1/7, Und
2、erwater acoustics.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017 Publi
3、shed by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 81165 4ICS 01.040.17; 17.140.01; 17.140.30Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2017.Amendments
4、/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 18405:2017 ISO 2017Underwater acoustics TerminologyAcoustique sous-marine TerminologieINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18405First edition2017-04-01Reference numberISO 18405:2017(E)BS ISO 18405:2017ISO 18405:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All r
5、ights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet
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7、so.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 18405:2017ISO 18405:2017(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 13.1 General terms . 13.1.1 General 13.1.2 Acoustical field quantities 23.1.3 Acoustical power quantities 53.1.4 Logarithmic frequency intervals .103.1.5 Other aco
8、ustical quantities 113.2 Levels used in underwater acoustics 133.2.1 Levels of acoustical power quantities .133.2.2 Levels of acoustical field quantities 173.3 Terms for properties of underwater sound sources 183.3.1 Source waveforms and factors 183.3.2 Source levels .223.4 Terms related to propagat
9、ion and scattering of underwater sound233.4.1 Propagation . 233.4.2 Scattering 253.5 Terms for properties of underwater sound signals 283.5.1 Sound signals .283.6 Terms related to sonar equations 293.6.1 General. 293.6.2 Sonar equations and sonar equation terms 323.7 Terms related to underwater bioa
10、coustics 363.7.1 Auditory frequency weighting 363.7.2 Sound reception.383.7.3 Sound production .42Annex A (informative) Alphabetical index 44Bibliography .51 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 18405:2017ISO 18405:2017(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization
11、) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be repr
12、esented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to dev
13、elop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the IS
14、O/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during
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16、ary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.This
17、 document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 43, Acoustics, Subcommittee SC 3, Underwater acoustics.iv ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 18405:2017ISO 18405:2017(E)Introduction0.1 OverviewVocabulary is the most basic of subjects for standardization. Without an accepted standard for the defi
18、nition of terminology, the production of scientific and engineering publications in a technical area, including the development of standards for measurement, processing or modelling in that area, becomes a laborious and time-consuming task that would ultimately result in the inefficient use of time
19、and a high probability of misinterpretation.Basic terminology of underwater acoustics is defined in 3.1, followed by levels in 3.2. These are followed by definitions of terms associated with sources of sound (3.3), propagation and scattering (3.4), underwater sound signals (3.5), and sonar equations
20、 (3.6). Finally, 3.7 defines basic bioacoustical terminology used in underwater acoustics.0.2 ApproachThe underlying philosophy followed in preparing this document is to define quantities independently of how they are measured.0.3 Remark on exceptions to the ISO/IEC 80000 seriesIn this document, the
21、 ISO/IEC 80000 series is followed for the definitions of physical quantities, including the level of a power quantity and level of a field quantity. Two exceptions are made to this general rule, as follows. Inconsistencies between ISO 80000-1 and ISO 80000-3 make it necessary to choose between them
22、(for example, the term “field quantity” used in ISO 80000-3 is deprecated by ISO 80000-1:2009, Annex C, which prefers the term “root-power quantity”). This document follows ISO 80000-3, which makes it incompatible with ISO 80000-1. The term “sound pressure level” is defined by ISO 80000-8 in a way t
23、hat does not reflect conventional use of this term to mean the level of the mean-square sound pressure. This convention is reflected in ISO 80000-8 by the notes in the “Remarks” column alongside the definition. These remarks are inconsistent with the definition, making it necessary to choose between
24、 the definition and the remarks. This document follows the “Remarks”, which makes it incompatible with the ISO 80000-8 definition of “sound pressure level”.0.4 Remark on levels and level differences, and their reference valuesLevels used in underwater acoustics are defined in 3.2. In its most genera
25、l form, a level LQof a quantity Q is defined in the International System of Quantities (see ISO 80000-3) as the logarithm of the ratio of the quantity Q to its reference value, Q0. In formula form, this definition can be written asLQ= logr(Q/Q0).The nature of the quantity (Q), its reference value (Q
26、0) and the base of the logarithm (r) should all be specified. Reference values for use in underwater acoustics are specified by ISO 1683.Two types of level are in widespread use in underwater acoustics, the level of a field quantity (see ISO 80000-3:2006, 3-21) and the level of a power quantity (see
27、 ISO 80000-3:2006, 3-22). In underwater ISO 2017 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18405:2017ISO 18405:2017(E)acoustics, it is conventional to express both types of level in decibels (dB). When expressed in decibels, the level LFof a field quantity F isLF= 20 log10(F/F0) dB,where F0is the reference value
28、of the field quantity. Similarly, the level LPof a power quantity P isLP= 10 log10(P/P0) dB,where P0is the reference value of the power quantity. This definition of LPis a product of the three factors 10, log10(P/P0) and 1 dB. In words, this product is written in this document as “ten times the loga
29、rithm to the base 10 of the ratio P/P0, in decibels”. For levels of both field and power quantities, the nature of the quantity (F or P) is implied by the name of the level, while the base of the logarithm is implied by the use of decibel as the unit. For all levels, the reference value is stated ex
30、plicitly. The use by this document of the definitions of “level” and “decibel” from ISO 80000-3 results in inconsistencies between this document and ISO 80000-1 because of inconsistencies between ISO 80000-3 and ISO 80000-1:2009, Annex C.Level differences i.e. differences between levels of like quan
31、tities (see ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013, 10.44) are also expressed in decibels. For example, if P1and P2are power quantities of the same kind, and LP,1and LP,2are their respective levels, the corresponding level difference isLP= LP,1 LP,2= 10 log10(P1/P0) dB 10 log10(P2/P0) dB = 10 log10(P1/P2) dB.Similarly,
32、 for like field quantities F1and F2, with respective levels, LF,1and LF,2,LF= LF,1 LF,2= 20 log10(F1/F0) dB 20 log10(F2/F0) dB = 20 log10(F1/F2) dB.Examples of level difference are transmission loss, array gain, and hearing threshold shift.Differences between levels of power quantities of different
33、kinds are encountered in 3.6 and 3.7 in connection with the response of underwater systems, and are also expressed in decibels. For example, if A and B are two power quantities, with A being a measure of the response signal (output) of a system and B a measure of the forcing signal (input), such tha
34、t the system sensitivity is S = A/B, the sensitivity level of that system isNS= LA LB= 10 log10(A/A0) dB 10 log10(B/B0) dB = 10log10(S/S0) dBwhere S0, the reference value of the sensitivity, is equal to A0/B0.An example of sensitivity level in underwater acoustics is target strength (reference value
35、 = 1 m2). If this quantity were expressed instead as the difference between levels of field quantities, defined as the square root of the respective power quantities, the reference value would then become 1 m.0.5 Remark on reference values of root-power quantitiesFor every real, positive power quant
36、ity, P, there exists a root-power quantity, Frp, equal to the square root of P (see ISO 80000-1:2009), that is, Frp= P1/2. The level of this root-power quantity isLF,rp= 20 log10(Frp/F0) dB.This level is equal to LPif the reference value F0is given by F0= P01/2. Selected power quantities and their r
37、espective reference values are listed in columns 1 and 2 of Table 1. The corresponding root-power quantities and their respective reference values are listed in columns 3 and 4 of Table 1. A field quantity is “a quantity whose square is proportional to power when it acts on a linear system” (see ISO
38、 80000-3), so all root-power quantities are also field quantities. For example, the level of mean-square sound pressure, with reference value 1 Pa2, is equal to that of root-mean-square sound vi ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 18405:2017ISO 18405:2017(E)pressure, with reference value 1 Pa. These
39、two reference values are therefore used interchangeably for sound pressure level.Table 1 Power quantities, their corresponding root-power quantities, and their reference values, based on Reference 21Power quantity (P)Reference value (P0)Corresponding root-power quantity (Frp= P1/2)Reference value (F
40、0= P01/2)Mean-square sound pressure 1 Pa2Root-mean-square sound pres-sure1 PaMean-square sound particle displacement1 pm2Root-mean-square sound particle displacement1 pmMean-square sound particle velocity1 nm2/s2Root-mean-square sound particle velocity1 nm/sMean-square sound particle acceleration1 m
41、2/s4Root-mean-square sound particle acceleration1 m/s2Sound exposure 1 Pa2s Root sound exposure 1 Pa s1/2Sound power 1 pW Root sound power 1 pW1/2Sound energy 1 pJ Root sound energy 1 pJ1/2Source factor 1 Pa2m2Root source factor 1 Pa mPropagation factor 1 m2Root propagation factor 1 m0.6 Remark on t
42、he usage of “acoustic” and “sound” in this documentThis document recognizes the interchangeability of the words “acoustic” and “sound” when the word “sound” is used as part of a compound noun, and not otherwise. ISO 2017 All rights reserved viiBS ISO 18405:2017This page deliberately left blankUnderw
43、ater acoustics Terminology1 ScopeThis document defines terms and expressions used in the field of underwater acoustics, including natural, biological and anthropogenic (i.e. man-made) sound. It includes the generation, propagation and reception of underwater sound and its scattering, including refle
44、ction, in the underwater environment including the seabed (or sea bottom), sea surface and biological organisms. It also includes all aspects of the effects of underwater sound on the underwater environment, humans and aquatic life. The properties of underwater acoustical systems are excluded.2 Norm
45、ative referencesThere are no normative references in this document.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at h
46、ttp:/www.electropedia.org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at http:/www.iso.org/obp3.1 General terms3.1.1 General3.1.1.1soundalteration in pressure, stress or material displacement propagated via the action of elastic stresses in an elastic medium and that involves local compression and expa
47、nsion of the medium, or the superposition of such propagated alterationsNote 1 to entry: The medium in which the sound exists is often indicated by an appropriate adjective, e.g. airborne, water-borne, or structure-borne.Note 2 to entry: In the remainder of this document, the medium is assumed to be
48、 a compressible fluid.Note 3 to entry: A sound wave is a realization of sound.Note 4 to entry: The word “sound” may also be used as part of a compound noun, in which case, it is a synonym of “acoustic”. For example, “acoustic pressure” and “acoustic power” are synonyms of sound pressure (3.1.2.1) an
49、d sound power (3.1.3.14).SOURCE: Reference 23 and Reference 353.1.1.2ambient soundsound (3.1.1.1) that would be present in the absence of a specified activityNote 1 to entry: Ambient sound is location-specific and time-specific.Note 2 to entry: In the absence of a specified activity, all sound is ambient sound.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18405:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18405:2017ISO 18405:2017(E)Note 3 to entry: Ambient sound includes ambient noise (3.1.5.11).Note 4 to entry: Examples of specif
