1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 18934:2011Imaging materials Multiplemedia archives StorageenvironmentBS ISO 18934:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of I
2、SO 18934:2011. Itsupersedes BS ISO 18934:2006 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CPW/42, Photography.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to inclu
3、de all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 69876 7ICS 37.040.99Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy an
4、d Strategy Committee on 31 October 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 18934:2011Reference numberISO 18934:2011(E)ISO 2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO18934Second edition2011-10-15Imaging materials Multiple media archives Storage environment Matriaux pour limage Archives mu
5、ltimdia Environnement de stockage BS ISO 18934:2011ISO 18934:2011(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2011 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and micr
6、ofilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2
7、011 All rights reservedBS ISO 18934:2011ISO 18934:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction . v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 2 4 Recommendations 3 4.1 Temperature range 3 4.2 Temperature cycling . 5 4.3 Relative humidity range 5 4.
8、4 Relative humidity cycling . 5 5 Selecting environmental conditions for mixed media archives . 6 Annex A (informative) Stability of electrophotographic, dye sub, inkjet prints . 8 Annex B (informative) Cold storage practices . 9 Bibliography 10 BS ISO 18934:2011ISO 18934:2011(E) iv ISO 2011 All rig
9、hts reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject f
10、or which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on
11、 all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees a
12、re circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held
13、responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 18934 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18934:2006), which has been technically revised. BS ISO 18934:2011ISO 18934:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights res
14、erved vIntroduction Historically, technical committees ISO/TC 36 and ISO/TC 42 have published ISO storage standards specific to individual materials. Many of these temperature and relative humidity recommendations are based on laboratory studies using Arrhenius type projections that allow extrapolat
15、ion of high temperature incubation tests to recommended storage environments at reduced temperatures. This also allows a prediction of the life expectancy of materials. This approach and the resulting analysis are logical when each medium is considered by itself. The individual ISO storage standards
16、 are sound and the predicted life expectancies have been consistent with practical experience. However, the storage conditions can differ widely for various media and reflect differences in their inherent stability. The extended-term storage conditions recommended in the various standards provide wi
17、de humidity ranges and set only a maximum temperature limit with considerable overlap in allowed environmental conditions across several media types. In the real world, archivists and curators frequently are faced with the task of storing many types of material, such as film, prints, tapes, etc. Arc
18、hives often contain media that cannot be separated without destroying the integrity of the collection. In other archives, one collection can consist primarily of one medium, but there are many collections each with different media. In either situation, it might not be practical or realistic for the
19、archivist to provide a number of different storage environments that are optimized for each material. The cost and inconvenience would be prohibitive; moreover, records of the same or similar subject matter are usually stored in close proximity to facilitate reference, not by the type of medium. The
20、 archivist of a multiple media collection might be forced to limit the number of storage environments that can be provided. In some cases, this means some deviation from the ISO storage recommendations and can compromise the life expectancies specified in the standards. This compromise can be based
21、on the value, physical size, quantity, or legal requirements to maximize life expectancy of some collections relative to others. This International Standard provides an assessment of the keeping qualities for four storage environments. As such, it is most useful for storage facilities that house dif
22、ferent types of materials, but does not override the ISO recommendations for single medium collections. Institutions with substandard environments and restricted budgets are encouraged to plan for the improvement of these environments as resources allow by judicious use of air conditioning, dehumidi
23、fiers (or humidifiers), air circulation and filtration. Although practicalities can force compromises, any improvement of poor conditions will add to the longevity of materials, even if they do not attain the life expectancies possible with the environments recommended in the ISO standards. Basic ai
24、r conditioning principles, the various options and the associated costs are not addressed in this International Standard. There are many references on this subject. BS ISO 18934:2011BS ISO 18934:2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18934:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 1Imaging materials Multiple med
25、ia archives Storage environment 1 Scope This International Standard provides suggested guidelines for four temperature and humidity macro-environments for archives that contain a variety of recording media, based on the corresponding ISO storage standards for those media. Whenever possible, this Int
26、ernational Standard recommends that users follow the storage environments in the ISO storage standards. This International Standard does not replace those ISO storage standards. In addition to environment recommendations, those standards also include other vital information pertinent to the long-ter
27、m keeping of recording materials, such as inspection, housing, and handling guidelines. Although microenvironments within a storage enclosure can be dependent upon the macro-environment, they are not the focus of this International Standard. The storage of traditional paper collections is not within
28、 the scope of this International Standard. However, many archives containing mixed recording media also include such collections. Archivists are encouraged to review the appropriate standards (see References 1 and 2) for those materials. Nitrate-base photographic films are also included in this Inte
29、rnational Standard, since they are often stored together with other materials. NOTE Nitrate-base films represent a fire hazard and need to be stored in accordance with the National Fire Protection Association standard3in the United States, or other applicable national standards. Moreover, fumes from
30、 decomposing nitrate film and acetate-base film can have detrimental effects on other materials stored in the same area11. A solution to this problem is to isolate such films in a separate storage area. This International Standard does not address the various strategies to upgrade substandard enviro
31、nments that deviate from those recommended by ISO standards. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (
32、including any amendments) applies. ISO 10356, Cinematography Storage and handling of nitrate-base motion-picture films ISO 18911, Imaging materials Processed safety photographic films Storage practices ISO 18918, Imaging materials Processed photographic plates Storage practices ISO 18920, Imaging ma
33、terials Reflection prints Storage practices ISO 18923, Imaging materials Polyester-base magnetic tape Storage practices ISO 18925, Imaging materials Optical disc media Storage practices BS ISO 18934:2011ISO 18934:2011(E) 2 ISO 2011 All rights reserved3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this
34、document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 conditioning exposure of a specimen to air at a given relative humidity and temperature until equilibrium is reached 3.2 extended-term storage conditions storage conditions suitable for the preservation of recorded information that has permane
35、nt value 3.3 life expectancy LE rating for the life expectancy of recording materials and associated retrieval systems NOTE The number following the LE symbol is a prediction of the minimum life expectancy in years for which information can be retrieved without significant loss when stored at the co
36、nditions defined in the relevant standards. EXAMPLE LE-100 indicates that information can be retrieved after at least 100 years storage. 3.4 macro-environment atmospheric conditions (temperature, relative humidity, and pollutants) in a large area in which records are kept 3.5 magnetic tape material
37、consisting of a magnetic-sensitive layer coated on a thin plastic support that can produce a magnetic recording 3.6 medium-term storage conditions storage conditions suitable for the preservation of recorded information for a minimum of 10 years 3.7 micro-environment atmospheric conditions (temperat
38、ure, relative humidity, and pollutants) inside a storage enclosure in which records are kept 3.8 optical disc disc that will accept and retain information in the form of marks or density modulations in a recording layer that can be read with an optical beam 3.9 photographic film material consisting
39、of one or more radiation-sensitive layers coated on transparent or translucent plastic that yields a visible image 3.10 photographic plate material consisting of one or more radiation-sensitive layers coated on a rigid support, such as glass or metal, that yields a visible image BS ISO 18934:2011ISO
40、 18934:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 33.11 photographic print material consisting of one or more radiation-sensitive layers coated on paper, paper with a pigmented layer, paper with a resin layer, or on an opaque support, that yields a visible image NOTE This term is now used to describe all
41、manner of printed photographic images. 3.12 recording material medium that receives images, text or audio information which can subsequently be viewed or retrieved 3.13 relative humidity RH ratio, defined as a percentage, of the existing partial vapour pressure of water to the vapour pressure at sat
42、uration at a given temperature NOTE It is usually, but not always, equal to the percentage of the amount of moisture in the air to that at saturation. 3.14 storage environment conditions for storing materials, i.e. temperature, relative humidity, cleanliness of facilities and atmospheric pollutants
43、NOTE Ideally the storage environment will meet the relevant ISO criteria. 4 Recommendations 4.1 Temperature range The guidelines for extended-term storage conditions given in this International Standard specify four different temperature ranges for the storage of mixed media collections: room; cool;
44、 cold; subzero (see Table 1). Room conditions are satisfactory for materials that are considered to be chemically stable, such as black-and-white silver and carbon images on polyester base, glass and paper. Cool conditions are suitable for materials whose stability can be compromised at cold tempera
45、tures (magnetic media) and for unstable materials (e.g. black-and-white acetate film) provided that a low RH can be maintained. Cold conditions are recommended for unstable materials, such as some colour photographs and cellulosic based films. Subzero conditions should be used to obtain the maximum
46、life for all materials that can tolerate this environment. It should also be used for unstable materials which have little tolerance for higher temperatures. In some situations, chemical degradation might have already started as evidenced by the vinegar odour of deteriorating acetate-base photograph
47、ic films, by rusted cans or image degradation for nitrate-base films, or by colour deterioration. These materials should always be stored in the subzero environment. The archivist should choose the temperature range that is most suitable for the specific collection with the objective of obtaining a
48、temperature range as close as possible to the ISO recommendations. Comparisons of BS ISO 18934:2011ISO 18934:2011(E) 4 ISO 2011 All rights reservedthe ISO storage conditions given in the standards for specific materials with the corresponding guidelines in this International Standard are given in Ta
49、ble 2. Consideration should be given to maintaining a lower set point temperature during normally cool periods of the year. This can offset slightly higher temperatures in other seasons where it is impractical to maintain the low temperature. Table 1 General temperature categories for long-term storage conditions ConditionaTemperature range C Room 16 to 23 Cool 8 to 16 Cold 0 to 8 Subzero 20 to 0 aAssuming 30 % RH to 50 % RH for each condition. Table 2 ISO long-term storage conditions Base m
