1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 18938:2014Imaging materials Opticaldiscs Care and handling forextended storageBS ISO 18938:2014 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18938:2014. Itsupersedes BS ISO 18938:2008 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in
2、 its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CPW/42, Photography.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctappli
3、cation. The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2014ISBN 978 0 580 82696 2ICS 35.220.30; 37.040.99Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strat
4、egy Committee on 30 September 2014.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 18938:2014 ISO 2014Imaging materials Optical discs Care and handling for extended storageMatriaux pour limage Disques optiques Prcautions et manipulation pour stockage tenduINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18938Se
5、cond edition2014-09-15Reference numberISO 18938:2014(E)BS ISO 18938:2014ISO 18938:2014(E)ii ISO 2014 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2014All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any mean
6、s, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20
7、Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 18938:2014ISO 18938:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword vIntroduction vi1 Scope . 12 Normative references 23 Terms and definitions . 24 Composition of optical dis
8、cs . 64.1 General . 64.2 Polycarbonate substrate (plastic) layer . 64.3 Data layer . 64.4 Reflective layer 74.5 Protective layers 74.6 Adhesive layers . 74.7 Additional layers 85 Failure mechanisms 85.1 General . 85.2 Physical stress 85.3 Layer sensitivity . 85.4 Scratches 95.5 Effects of disc play
9、96 Handling techniques 106.1 General 106.2 Flexing . 106.3 Contamination 106.4 Disc enclosures 107 Identification .117.1 Basic concepts 117.2 Adhesive labels 117.3 Printing on optical discs 117.4 Thermal printing 127.5 Inkjet printable surface 127.6 Silk screening 127.7 Marking 128 Contamination .12
10、8.1 Fingerprints, smudges, dirt, dust . 128.2 Moisture . 128.3 Organic solvents 138.4 Gaseous impurities . 138.5 Consumables 139 Use environment .139.1 General 139.2 Temperature and humidity . 139.3 Water avoidance . 149.4 Air quality . 149.5 Light exposure 149.6 Acclimatization 159.7 Vibrations . 1
11、510 Transportation and shipping .1510.1 Enclosures 1510.2 Cartons 1510.3 Exposure 16BS ISO 18938:2014ISO 18938:2014(E)iv ISO 2014 All rights reserved10.4 Security .1610.5 External fields .1610.6 Biological irradiation 1611 Inspection .1611.1 General requirements 1611.2 Error rate monitoring 1712 Cle
12、aning and maintenance 1712.1 General 1712.2 Solvents and cleaning compounds 1712.3 Cleaning methods 1713 Disasters .1813.1 General 1813.2 Water 1813.3 Fire 1813.4 Dry debris . 1813.5 Impact from disasters 1913.6 Repair . 1914 Disaster response .1914.1 General 1914.2 Wet discs 1914.3 Dry discs 1915 S
13、taff training 1915.1 General 1915.2 Purpose . 2015.3 Training paths . 2015.4 Schedule for training . 2015.5 Update of training 2015.6 Content of training 2016 Minimum handling requirements checklist .2116.1 General 2116.2 Do list . 2116.3 Not-to-do list 21Annex A (informative) Disc structure .23Bibl
14、iography .25BS ISO 18938:2014ISO 18938:2014(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each memb
15、er body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Ele
16、ctrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types
17、of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be hel
18、d responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information
19、 given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the foll
20、owing URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 42, Photography.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18938:2008), which has been technically revised. ISO 2014 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18938:2014ISO 18938:2014(E)Introd
21、uctionIn addition to storage conditions, the proper care and handling of optical discs is also vital to prolonged disc life. This is becoming increasingly important as optical discs are widely used for the recording and storage of information. This International Standard gives guidelines for their r
22、ecommended care and handling and will be beneficial for all digital optical discs, regardless of their inherent stability.NOTE It is recognized that both “optical discs” and “optical disks” are acceptable spellings. In this International Standard, the former spelling is used.Probably no form of data
23、 storage has been accepted and adopted as rapidly as the optical disc. It has become the medium of choice for numerous applications with ever increasing use for the recording and storage of information. Information is recorded in digital format that not only provides high storage density, but also a
24、llows duplication without information loss, ease of data manipulation and facilitates transmission. It is of tremendous benefit for audio usage since it permits uninterrupted playback for long periods of time. Information in a disc format can be accessed very quickly, unlike that in a roll format su
25、ch as magnetic tape, which requires longer search time.While the advantages are many, as with other media, there are nevertheless concerns about the life expectancy of recorded information on optical discs. This depends upon three independent components, namely the permanence of the disc itself, the
26、 disc drive and the software. Obsolescence of the disc drive and software, lack of playback device or inoperability of the playback device are all serious uncertainties. Another important issue is the quality of the initial data recorded onto the disc, which needs to be as high as possible. In addit
27、ion, the very popularity of recordable optical discs has led to their wide availability, and wide variability in the quality of discs for long term preservation of information. Many discs may not be of sufficient quality for long term use.The finite life of optical discs is well recognized and one a
28、pproach to addressing this issue is by periodically transferring or reformatting the information. In addition, the ability to play back a disc in the future depends on the existence of functional playback equipment. As newer formats and equipment become popular, equipment manufacturers will probably
29、 discontinue production and support of the older, superseded equipment. Eventually, usable equipment to play obsolete optical disc formats will become difficult to find. Before this occurs, it is advisable that a migration plan be in place. However, these issues are outside the scope of this Interna
30、tional Standard, which is only concerned with the stability of the optical disc itself. A primary objective of those involved with the preservation of information on this media is to ensure that the disc is not the weak link among the necessary components. To support this objective, it is advisable
31、that steps be taken to maximize the optical discs potential to be more stable than either the hardware or the software.As with paper records, photographic film and magnetic tape, optical discs are subject to both damage and decay. They have a finite life. Predictions of the life expectancy of optica
32、l discs have involved extrapolations of property retention after high temperature and humidity incubations back to practical conditions. These extrapolations follow mathematical treatments that were developed for simpler chemical reactions, and therefore the results need to be interpreted with some
33、caution. Predictions cover a very wide range, from 25 years to over 250 years, which vary with the manufacturer and the disc type. Their effective life can be increased or decreased significantly depending upon the conditions under which they are stored. Storage recommendations for optical discs are
34、 given in ISO 18925. Following these recommendations promotes the physical integrity of the media and increases their effective life.vi ISO 2014 All rights reservedBS ISO 18938:2014Imaging materials Optical discs Care and handling for extended storage1 ScopeThis International Standard establishes ge
35、neral principles for the care and handling of digital optical discs during use. It addresses the issues of physical integrity of the medium necessary to preserve access to the recorded data (information). This International Standard includes recommendations for handling procedures to maximize the ef
36、fective life of optical discs. Faulty handling, packing and transporting techniques and methods often cause physical damage to the discs and to the content recorded thereon. Extending the longevity of optical discs requires the identification of appropriate handling methods, as well as well-develope
37、d and implemented training programs.For the purposes of this International Standard, the term “optical disc” includes the families of compact disc (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD), high definition digital versatile disc (HD DVD) and Blu-ray disc (BD)1), and any hybrids of these families. The term
38、“optical disc” also includes each type of disc within a family, including injection moulded read-only memory (ROM), dye-layer recordable (R) and phase change rewritable (RW, RE), random access memory (RAM), and recordable (BD-R) technologies.While some of the recommendations in this International St
39、andard (e.g. those for staff training) apply specifically to large-scale or long term usage, the basics of all recommendations in this International Standard are intended to be applied in circumstances where the desired result is long-term usage of the medium whether archival, commercial or personal
40、.This International Standard does not cover magneto-optical (MO) discs, laser discs (LD) or glass discs. At the time of writing, International Standards do not exist for HD DVD and Blu-ray discs. Nonetheless, it is believed that the recommendations in this International Standard for care and handlin
41、g can equally apply to them. It is recognized that some of these requirements are not necessarily possible for the individual user to achieve.The following are within the scope of this International Standard: use and handling environments, including pollutants, temperature and humidity and light exp
42、osure; contamination concerns; inspection; cleaning and maintenance, including cleaning methods and frequency; transportation; disasters, including water, fire, construction and post-disaster procedures; staff training.The quality of the data written on the disc is outside the scope of this Internat
43、ional Standard. However, a high quality result of the recording phase is important to the longevity of information. It is advisable that a rigorous program of data integrity testing be implemented, as this forms an obligatory part of all digital long-term storage. In addition, when keeping digital i
44、nformation for archival purposes, it is advisable that a multiple copy/multiple location strategy be in place.1) Blu-ray DiscTMand Blu-rayTMare trademarks of Blue-ray Disc Association, and Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD are examples of suitable products available commercially. This information is given for
45、 the convenience of users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of these products.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18938:2014(E) ISO 2014 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18938:2014ISO 18938:2014(E)2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are no
46、rmatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 14644-1, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environmen
47、ts Part 1: Classification of air cleanliness by particle concentrationISO 18925, Imaging materials Optical disc media Storage practices3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1acclimatization stagingprocess of conditioning material from o
48、ne set of temperature-moisture conditions to another3.2balanceprecision vertical position of the disc as it spins3.3blisterlocalized delamination that looks like a bubble3.4Blu-ray DiscBDoptical disc having a cover layer around 0,1 mm thick and a substrate around 1,1 mm thick on which data is read o
49、r recorded by an OPU using 405 nm laser diode and NA = 0,85 lens3.4.1Blu-ray Disc Read Only MemoryBD-ROMoptical disc to which information is transferred during manufacture to moulded areas in the Blu-ray disc format and can be read multiple times by an optical beam3.4.2Blu-ray Disc RecordableBD-Rrecordable optical disc in which information can be recorded once to areas in the Blu-ray disc format and read many times3.4.3Blu-ray Disc RewritableBD-RErecordable optical disc in which information can be recorded to areas in the Blu
