1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 18947:2013Imaging materials Photographic reflection prints Determination of abrasionresistance of photographicimagesBS ISO 18947:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis
2、 British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 18947:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CPW/42, Photography.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include a
3、ll the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2013ISBN 978 0 580 77246 7ICS 37.040.20Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British St
4、andard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 18947:2013 ISO 2013Imaging materials Photographic reflection prints Determination of abrasion resistance of photographic imagesMatriaux p
5、our limage Impressions de reflexion photographiques Dtermination de la rsistance labrasion des images photographiquesINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO18947First edition2013-05-01Reference numberISO 18947:2013(E)BS ISO 18947:2013ISO 18947:2013(E)ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO
6、 2013All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requ
7、ested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 18947:2013ISO 18947:2013(E) ISO 2013 All
8、 rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 General test background 24.1 Summary of practice 24.2 Significance and use . 24.3 Applicability and usage of alternative test methods 25 Test device . 25.1 Test device descriptio
9、n 25.2 Test device preparation . 36 Sample preparation and conditioning . 36.1 Test target definition . 36.2 Test target printing and conditioning . 37 Test procedure 38 Evaluation 48.1 Sample measurement 48.2 Calculations 59 Reporting 5Annex A (informative) Examples of test equipment and correspond
10、ing procedures and operating parameters . 7Annex B (informative) An example of a test target suitable for use in the test equipment described in A.1.10Bibliography .11BS ISO 18947:2013ISO 18947:2013(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of natio
11、nal standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internati
12、onal organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended
13、 for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org
14、/directivesAttention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in
15、the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patentsAny trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 42, Photography.iv ISO 2013
16、All rights reservedBS ISO 18947:2013ISO 18947:2013(E)IntroductionThis method is one of a series relating to image durability. Others in this family include scratch resistance and water resistance. Compared to image permanence standards that cover ever-present environmental factors such as light, hea
17、t, ozone, and humidity, this family of durability standards covers factors that are not necessarily present in the environment. Although the consumer may have less control over the environmental factors in which a print is stored or displayed, they may have more control over durability aspects such
18、as careful handling and good quality storage enclosures. “Accidental” exposures and resulting damage such as water or food spills on a print, as opposed to always-present environmental factors, can, with care on the part of the consumer, be reduced. Obviously, this is not always true and in some cas
19、es, such as rubbing caused by turning pages in a photo book or natural disasters caused by flooding, the end user has little control. This International Standard provides standardized requirements to evaluate and quantify the abrasion resistance of photographic images in their various formats such a
20、s hard copy prints and photo books.Abrasion and smudge can include both accidental and repeating factors resulting from handling of the image. The following are some examples of sources of abrasions: dirt particles rubbing on printed surface; sheet-to-sheet abrasion (sliding motion of sheets relativ
21、e to each other); prints sliding on tables or other flat surfaces; interaction with dirt or components inside of printers; magnets or other items used in the display of images. ISO 2013 All rights reserved vBS ISO 18947:2013BS ISO 18947:2013Imaging materials Photographic reflection prints Determinat
22、ion of abrasion resistance of photographic images1 ScopeThis International Standard specifies tests to determine the abrasion, scuff, and smudge resistance of photographic images. This International Standard is applicable to photographic prints and photo books prepared by digital and analogue proces
23、ses.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any am
24、endments) applies.ISO 2813, Paints and varnishes Determination of specular gloss of non-metallic paint films at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degreesISO 8254-1, Paper and board Measurement of specular gloss Part 1: 75 degree gloss with a converging beam, TAPPI methodISO 13655, Graphic technology Spe
25、ctral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts imagesASTM D 2240, Standard Test Method for Rubber Property Durometer Hardness3 Terms and definitionsFor the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1ambient conditionsenvironmental conditions of the test3.
26、2abrasionprocess of wearing away or deformation of a surface by friction as a result of rubbing3.3scuffresult of abrasion, leading to a change in gloss3.4smudgeresult of abrasion leading to the displacement of colorants into adjacent areas as a result of the re-deposition of abraded material3.5recep
27、torsubstrate used to abrade the test specimen and onto which ink or overcoat that is removed from the specimen is transferred during the abrasion testNote 1 to entry: An example of a receptor is the back side of the printed media being evaluated or a standard reference paper.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD I
28、SO 18947:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 18947:2013ISO 18947:2013(E)4 General test background4.1 Summary of practiceThis method utilizes a reciprocating rubbing device, or its equivalent, as described in ASTM F 2497, ASTM D 5264, and ASTM F 1571. Reciprocating abraders of alternate desi
29、gns, such as those described in JIS K 5701-1, JIS L 0849, ISO 7784-3, or ASTM F 1319, may also be used as noted below. The test specimen is placed in contact with a receptor surface under a specified load and is rubbed with a back and forth motion at a specified frequency and for a specified number
30、of cycles.After treatment, the test specimen is removed from the test device and evaluated for degree of degradation by measuring the change in gloss, optical density, colorimetry, and/or change in physical appearance in both printed and unprinted (Dmin) areas. The receptor is analysed for the amoun
31、t of colorant or coating transferred from the specimen as evidenced by an increase in optical density or change in colorimetry. Results are compared to equivalent, unabraded specimen and receptor.NOTE It is not the purpose of this International Standard to define limits of acceptability or failure.4
32、.2 Significance and useDepending upon their intended use applications, abrasion resistance is a desirable and sometimes critical property of imaging materials. The result of abrasion can be degradation in both image quality and functionality. The amount of abrasion damage to a photograph is dependen
33、t on many variables, including the nature of the abrading material, pressure, temperature, and humidity. This practice can be used to evaluate the relative abrasion, smudge, and scuff resistance of printed photographic images and unprinted photographic materials under laboratory conditions.This prac
34、tice can provide a reasonably simple procedure that can be used to set specifications for printed photographic materials and determine whether a product meets a predetermined standard for abrasion, smudge, or scuff resistance for a given use application.4.3 Applicability and usage of alternative tes
35、t methodsIt should be noted that there are several alternative standard test methods that attempt to characterize other degradation aspects of imaging materials due to frictional contact with various surfaces under different loads and geometries. Specifically, the user of this International Standard
36、 is directed to ASTM F 1486 (GA-CAT), ASTM D 6037 (Taber), and ASTM F 1478 (Taber). Depending on the specific end-user application, one or more alternative methods may produce a more relevant result.5 Test device5.1 Test device descriptionThis International Standard uses a test device1), such as des
37、cribed in ASTM D 5264, ASTM F 1571, ASTM F 2497, JIS K 5701-1, JIS L 0849, ISO 7784-3, and ASTM F 1319. See Annex A for a more complete description of the different abrasion testers mentioned in these referenced documents. Equipment that applies a similar reciprocating abrasive force in a similar ma
38、nner as described in the preceding standards may also be used.1) Examples of test devices are the Sutherland Rub Tester (Danilee Co.), the AB-301 Colour Fastness Rubbing Tester (Tester Sangyo Co., Ltd.), the NUS-ISO 3 (Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.), the FR-2 (Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.), and
39、 the TRIBOGEAR TYPE 32 (Shinto Scientific Co., Ltd.) This information is given for the convenience of users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of these products.2 ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 18947:2013ISO 18947:2013(E)5.2 Test device preparationThe te
40、st device shall be set on a sturdy bench, in a room conditioned to the desired test temperature and relative humidity. Conditions of 23 C 1 C and (50 5) % relative humidity shall be used for testing, unless specific product end-use requires different conditions.6 Sample preparation and conditioning6
41、.1 Test target definitionTest targets consisting of uniform patches sized to fit the test device described above shall be used. The target shall comprise a specified image substrate, with an associated substrate colour as measured in the Dmin patch, as well as the colour(s) of the imaging material u
42、tilized by the printing system under test. In the printed image areas, the target shall include neutral patches and print primary colorant patches, typically cyan, magenta, and yellow. Patches corresponding to additional colorants may also be added for such systems. For example, red, green, or blue
43、patches may be added for systems using red, green, or blue colorants. Each colour patch shall be bordered by adjacent unimaged (Dmin) areas, oriented with the abrasive action of the test instrument, such that the smudging of colorant or imaging media into adjacent unprinted (Dmin) areas can be asses
44、sed. The optical density of each patch shall aim to be 1,5. If this density target cannot be obtained with the printing system of interest, the maximum density achievable may be used. If the printing system makes use of multiple ink levels for a colorant (e.g. cyan and light cyan ink), then a second
45、 set of patches falling between 0,3 and 0,5 density may also be included. Monochrome imaging systems (e.g. silver halide, true monochrome inks) and chromogenic imaging systems (e.g. colour silver halide) shall also use these additional density patches. The size of the patches shall be large enough t
46、o accommodate the size of the device mountings and weights. See Annex B for an example of a test target suitable for use in the test equipment described in ASTM F 2497, ASTM D 5264, and ASTM F 1571. See Clause 8 for instructions on how to measure optical density.6.2 Test target printing and conditio
47、ningThe specimen shall be a flat sample with no surface irregularities, such as scoring or creases.If testing multiple samples, it is important that each has comparable, if not, identical colorant coverage and colorant density. When testing across different print technologies, select appropriate ima
48、ging substrates and minimize substrate differences whenever possible.The test specimen shall be sized such that the printed colour patches and the adjacent unprinted (Dmin) areas of comparable dimensions are within the area of abrasion as defined by the specific test device being used for the test.
49、If all colour patches and adjacent unprinted (Dmin) areas cannot fit within the area of abrasion, multiple test specimens shall be printed and tested under identical conditions.Printer settings shall be recorded.The method of printing and handling of printed samples shall be consistent with the anticipated product end use, including the presence of an image overcoat if integral to the printing process.Test specimens shall be conditioned uncovered for at least 72 h at 23 C 1 C and (50 5) % relative humidity. Inkjet-pr
