1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 19262:2015Photography ArchivingSystems VocabularyBS ISO 19262:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 19262:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CPW/42, Photography.A list
2、of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015.Published by BSI Standards Limite
3、d 2015ISBN 978 0 580 85082 0ICS 01.040.37; 37.040.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
4、Date T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 19262:2015 ISO 2015Photography Archiving Systems VocabularyPhotographie Systmes darchivage VocabulaireINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO19262First edition2015-11-15Reference numberISO 19262:2015(E)BS ISO 19262:2015ISO 19262:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PR
5、OTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without pr
6、ior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 19
7、262:2015ISO 19262:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 1Bibliography .44 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 19262:2015ISO 19262:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation o
8、f national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. In
9、ternational organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those i
10、ntended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see
11、www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the docume
12、nt will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and e
13、xpressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 42, Photography.iv ISO 2015 All rig
14、hts reservedBS ISO 19262:2015ISO 19262:2015(E)IntroductionThis International Standard provides a vocabulary which standardizes the use and meaning of terms associated with archiving systems for photography. These terms are drawn from traditional photography, digital photography, image permanence and
15、 information technology.This International Standard is organized alphabetically and follows natural (English) word order wherever possible. The source documents for many of the definitions are International Standards developed by ISO/TC 42. Where possible, users are advised to verify if a more recen
16、t edition of the source document has been published, which contains an updated version of the term and definition. Future revisions of this International Standard will include updated terms and definitions consistent with the source documents at the time the revision is prepared. ISO 2015 All rights
17、 reserved vBS ISO 19262:2015BS ISO 19262:2015Photography Archiving Systems Vocabulary1 ScopeThis International Standard defines terms used in the area of imaging system capability qualification for archival recording and approval.Only terms related to this area are included. These terms are relevant
18、 to the current tasks or are of general interest in imaging system capability qualification for archival recording and approval.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated referen
19、ces, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.There are no normative references cited in this document.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3
20、.1acutancenumerical value that correlates to some extent with subjective image sharpness3.2automatic document feederADFpowered device to feed microforms, films or paper into a scanner for captureSOURCE: ISO 12651-1:2012, 4.103.3Adobe RGB 1998three-component colour image encoding defined in Adobe RGB
21、 (1998) colour image encodingSOURCE: ISO 12640-4:2011, 3.13.4aliasingoutput image artefacts that occur in a digital imaging system for input images having significant energy at frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency of the systemNote 1 to entry: These artefacts usually manifest themselves as
22、moir patterns in repetitive image features or as jagged “stairstepping” at edge transitions.SOURCE: ISO 16067-1:2003, 3.2INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19262:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 19262:2015ISO 19262:2015(E)3.5ambient lightillumination that remains present in an area when some ind
23、icated light source (such as a specialized light, projector, or self-luminous display) is turned offNote 1 to entry: Ambient light can be natural or artificial light. Ambient light is generally uncontrolled and can be highly variable, posing a possible risk to image quality. The level of ambient lig
24、ht should be minimized in relation to the level of light produced by the imaging system.SOURCE: ISO 4246:1994, 153.6array (imaging)orderly arrangement of individual sensor elements in image capture devicesNote 1 to entry: In digital imaging, there are primarily three array types: two dimensional or
25、area arrays, one dimensional or linear arrays, and tri-linear arrays consisting of three consecutive linear arrays of red, green, and blue sensitive sensor elements.3.7artifactgeneral term to describe a broad range of undesirable flaws or distortions in digital reproductions produced during capture
26、or data processingNote 1 to entry: Some common forms of image artifacts include noise, chromatic aberration, blooming, interpolation, and imperfections created by compression, among others.3.8aspect ratioratio of length to width of an objectSOURCE: ISO 13794:1999, 2.103.8.1image aspect ratioratio of
27、 the image width to the image heightSOURCE: ISO 15740:2008, 3.163.8.2pixel aspect ratioratio of the distance between sampling points in the two orthogonal sampling directionsNote 1 to entry: If the distances are equal, the pixel aspect ratio equals 1:1, and is said to be “square”.Note 2 to entry: Se
28、e also image aspect ratio (3.8.1).SOURCE: ISO 12231:2005, 2.6.23.8.3sampling aspect ratioratio of the sample spacing in the two orthogonal sampling directionsSOURCE: ISO 12231:2012, 3.1553.9banding (imaging)unwanted stripes or bands that occur in a digital imageNote 1 to entry: Bands are usually cau
29、sed by fixed pattern noise of linear sensors in scanners or interference problems between electronic parts of a camera.2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 19262:2015ISO 19262:2015(E)3.10binary imagedigitized image consisting of an array of pixels, each of which has a value of 0 or 1, whose values a
30、re normally represented by dark and bright regions on the display screen or by the use of two distinct coloursSOURCE: ISO 13322-1:2004, 3.1.33.11bit depthmaximum number of discrete levels available for the digitized representation of the signal intensity, represented as a power of twoNote 1 to entry
31、: The term can be confusing since it is sometimes used to represent bits per pixel and at other times, the total number of bits used multiplied by the number of total channels. For example, a typical colour image using 8 bits per channel is often referred to as a 24-bit colour image (8 bits 3 channe
32、ls). Colour scanners and digital cameras typically produce 24 bit (8 bits 3 channels) or 36 bit (12 bits 3 channels) images, and high-end devices can produce 48 bit (16 bit 3 channels) images. A grayscale scanner would generally be 1 bit for monochrome or 8 bit for grayscale (producing 256 shades of
33、 gray). Bit depth is also referred to as colour depth.SOURCE: ISO 22493:2008, 5.2.2.2.13.12bit ratenumber of bits transmitted per secondSOURCE: ISO/IEC 18000-2:2009, 4.23.13bitonal (digital) imagesee binary image3.14black pointneutral colour with the lowest luminance that can be produced by an imagi
34、ng medium in normal use, measured using the specified measurement geometrySOURCE: ISO 12231:2012, 3.1043.15bloomingphenomenon which occurs when a pixel of the solid-state imaging device is so illuminated that the number of generated electrons is greater than can be storedNote 1 to entry: This excess
35、 of electrons can spread into neighbouring cells. As a result, the highlight areas of the scene appear increased in size on the television screen.SOURCE: IEC 808-04-033.16bits per pixelsee bit depth3.17brightnessattribute of a visual sensation according to which an area appears to emit more or less
36、lightNote 1 to entry: Brightness is among the three attributes that specify colour. The other two attributes are hue and saturation.SOURCE: ISO/IEC 8613-2:1995 ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 19262:2015ISO 19262:2015(E)3.18checkerboardregular squared dark and bright structure on a surface like
37、the one used on a chess board3.19chromaC*chromaticchromaticiness, colourfulness, of an area judged as a proportion of the brightness of a similarly illuminated area that appears white or hrightly transmittingSOURCE: ISO/IEC 8613-2:19953.20chromatic aberrationimage defect caused when different wavele
38、ngths of light are focused at different distances from a lens (longitudinal chromatic aberration) or when the scale of the image at different wavelengths is different (lateral chromatic aberration)Note 1 to entry: This results in varying degrees of sharp focus at the image sensor or shifted objects
39、in an image depending on the colour or wavelength of light. Chromatic aberration is seen as “colour fringing,” and is most noticeable in an image at edges with high contrast.3.21chromaticityattribute of a colour stimulus defined by its trichromatic coordinates or by its dominant or complementary wav
40、elength and purity characteristics taken togetherSOURCE: IEC 723-08-333.22chromaticity coodinatesratios of each of the members of a set of CIE tristimulus values to their sumSOURCE: ISO 105-A08:2001, 2.43.23CIELAB colour spacethree-dimensional, approximately uniform colour space, produced by plottin
41、g, in rectangular coordinates the component values are L*, a*, b*SOURCE: ISO 5631-1:2009, 3.5SOURCE: CIELAB colour space is specified in CIE Publication 153.24clippingabrupt truncation of a signal when the signal exceeds a systems ability to differentiate signal values above or below a particular le
42、velNote 1 to entry: In the case of images, the result is that there is no differentiation of light tones when the clipping is at the high end of signal amplitude and no differentiation of dark tones when clipping occurs at the low end of signal amplitude. For digital audio, clipping occurs when the
43、signal is restricted by the selected bit depth (which represents amplitude). In a system using 16-bit signed integers, 32 767 is the largest positive value that can be represented. If input levels are set so that excursions above that are permitted, then clipping will result and some information wil
44、l be lost.Note 2 to entry: If clipping occurs in only one or two channels of an RGB image, the hue will change instantly. For example, Caucasian skin tones can go reddish yellow when highlight clipping occurs in the red channel only.4 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 19262:2015ISO 19262:2015(E)3.2
45、4.1clipping (black)truncation of a signal when the signal represents a tone darker than the systems ability to differentiateNote 1 to entry: Excessive black clipping tends to result in “blocked-up” or featureless shadows in an image.3.24.2clipping (highlights)truncation of a signal when the signal r
46、epresents a tone lighter than the systems ability to differentiateNote 1 to entry: Excessive highlight clipping tends to result in “blown-out” or featureless highlights in an image.3.25codecdevice or algorithm used to perform encoding/decoding and compression/decompression of the digital dataNote 1
47、to entry: This may be combined with converting analog signals into digital (and vice versa).SOURCE: ISO/TR 16056-1:2004, 3.163.26colorimeterinstrument for measuring colorimetric quantities, such as the tristimulus values of a colour stimulusSOURCE: IEC 845-05-18Note 1 to entry: Colorimeters are the
48、primary device used to evaluate the colour qualities of display monitors. There are two basic types of colorimeters: tristimulus colorimeter and spectrocolorimeters.3.27colorimetrymeasurement of colours based on a set of conventionsSOURCE: IEC 845-05-103.28coloursensation resulting from the visual p
49、erception of radiation of a given spectral compositionSOURCE: ISO 4618:2006, 2.573.29colour accuracyability of an imaging system to reproduce the colours of some intended object, as specified using some colour difference metricNote 1 to entry: The reference object against which the colour accuracy is measured can be, for example, an original scene, the colorimetry of an original scene chromatically adapted to some different adopted white, or an image file describing a reproduction on
