1、BS ISO 1928:2009ICS 75.160.10NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDSolid mineral fuels Determination ofgross calorific value bythe bomb calorimetricmethod and calculationof net calorific valueThis British Standardwas published under theauthority of the
2、 StandardsPolicy and StrategyCommittee on 31 July2009. BSI 2009ISBN 978 0 580 56509 0Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS ISO 1928:2009National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 1928:2009. Itsupersedes BS 1016-105:1992 which is withdrawn.The UK pa
3、rticipation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/16, Solid mineral fuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsibl
4、e for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.BS ISO 1928:2009Reference numberISO 1928:2009(E)ISO 2009INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO1928Third edition2009-06-01Solid mineral fuels Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetr
5、ic method and calculation of net calorific value Combustibles minraux solides Dtermination du pouvoir calorifique suprieur par la mthode de la bombe calorimtrique et calcul du pouvoir calorifique infrieur BS ISO 1928:2009ISO 1928:2009(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. I
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8、r printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2009 All rights reserved. Unless ot
9、herwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyri
10、ght office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2009 All rights reservedBS ISO 1928:2009ISO 1928:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword. v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative r
11、eferences 1 3 Terms, definitions and symbols.2 3.1 Terms and definitions .2 3.2 Symbols 3 4 Principle5 4.1 Gross calorific value .5 4.2 Net calorific value 5 5 Reagents.5 6 Apparatus .7 7 Preparation of test sample10 8 Calorimetric procedure .11 8.1 General11 8.2 Preparing the bomb for measurement 1
12、2 8.3 Assembling the calorimeter13 8.4 Combustion reaction and temperature measurements.13 8.5 Analysis of products of combustion .14 8.6 Corrected temperature rise.14 8.7 Reference temperature16 9 Calibration 16 9.1 Principle16 9.2 Calibrant .16 9.3 Valid working range of the effective heat capacit
13、y 17 9.4 Ancillary contributions18 9.5 Calibration procedure .18 9.6 Calculation of effective heat capacity for the individual test18 9.7 Precision of the mean value of the effective heat capacity.20 9.8 Redetermination of the effective heat capacity20 10 Gross calorific value .20 10.1 General20 10.
14、2 Coal combustions21 10.3 Coke combustions.21 10.4 Calculation of gross calorific value .21 10.5 Expression of results 23 10.6 Calculation to other bases24 11 Precision.24 11.1 Repeatability limit 24 11.2 Reproducibility limit 24 12 Calculation of net calorific value24 12.1 General24 12.2 Calculatio
15、ns25 13 Test report 28 Annex A (normative) Adiabatic bomb calorimeters 29 Annex B (normative) Isoperibol and static-jacket bomb calorimeters 33 BS ISO 1928:2009ISO 1928:2009(E) iv ISO 2009 All rights reservedAnnex C (normative) Automated bomb calorimeters . 38 Annex D (informative) Checklists for th
16、e design of combustion tests and their procedures 41 Annex E (informative) Examples to illustrate some of the calculations used in this International Standard. 46 Annex F (informative) Safe use, maintenance and testing of calorimeter bombs. 51 Bibliography . 57 Alphabetical index 58 BS ISO 1928:2009
17、ISO 1928:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each me
18、mber body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International E
19、lectrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards ad
20、opted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of pa
21、tent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 1928 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels, Subcommittee SC 5, Methods of analysis. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 1928:1995), which has bee
22、n technically revised. BS ISO 1928:2009BS ISO 1928:2009INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 1928:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 1Solid mineral fuels Determination of gross calorific value by the bomb calorimetric method and calculation of net calorific value WARNING Strict adherence to all of the provis
23、ions prescribed in this International Standard should ensure against explosive rupture of the bomb, or a blow-out, provided that the bomb is of proper design and construction and in good mechanical condition. 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of the gross c
24、alorific value of a solid mineral fuel at constant volume and at the reference temperature of 25 C in a bomb calorimeter calibrated by combustion of certified benzoic acid. The result obtained is the gross calorific value of the analysis sample at constant volume with all the water of the combustion
25、 products as liquid water. In practice, fuel is burned at constant (atmospheric) pressure and the water is not condensed but is removed as vapour with the flue gases. Under these conditions, the operative heat of combustion is the net calorific value of the fuel at constant pressure. The net calorif
26、ic value at constant volume can also be used; equations are given for calculating both values. General principles and procedures for the calibrations and the fuel tests are presented in the main text, whereas those pertaining to the use of a particular type of calorimetric instrument are described i
27、n Annexes A to C. Annex D contains checklists for performing calibration and fuel tests using specified types of calorimeters. Annex E gives examples illustrating some of the calculations. NOTE Descriptors: solid fuels, coal, coke, tests, determination, calorific value, rules of calculation, calorim
28、etry. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 651, Solid-stem
29、calorimeter thermometers ISO 652, Enclosed-scale calorimeter thermometers ISO 687, Solid mineral fuels Coke Determination of moisture in the general analysis test sample ISO 1770, Solid-stem general purpose thermometers ISO 1771, Enclosed-scale general purpose thermometers ISO 5068-2, Brown coals an
30、d lignites Determination of moisture content Part 2: Indirect gravimetric method for moisture in the analysis sample ISO 11722, Solid mineral fuels Hard coal Determination of moisture in the general analysis test sample by drying in nitrogen ISO 17247, Coal Ultimate analysis BS ISO 1928:2009ISO 1928
31、:2009(E) 2 ISO 2009 All rights reserved3 Terms, definitions and symbols 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1.1 gross calorific value at constant volume absolute value of the specific energy of combustion for unit mass of a solid
32、fuel burned in oxygen in a calorimetric bomb under the conditions specified NOTE 1 The products of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, of liquid water (in equilibrium with its vapour) saturated with carbon dioxide under the conditions of
33、the bomb reaction, and of solid ash, all at the reference temperature. NOTE 2 Gross calorific value is expressed in units of joules. 3.1.2 gross calorific value at constant pressure absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, for unit mass of a solid fuel burned in oxygen at constant pressu
34、re, instead of constant volume in a calorimetric bomb NOTE The hydrogen in the fuel, reacting with gaseous oxygen to give liquid water, causes a decrease in the volume of the system. When the fuel carbon reacts with gaseous oxygen, an equal volume of gaseous carbon dioxide is formed and, hence, no c
35、hange in volume occurs in combustion of the carbon. The oxygen and nitrogen in the fuel both give rise to an increase in volume. 3.1.3 net calorific value at constant volume absolute value of the specific energy of combustion, for unit mass of a solid fuel burned in oxygen under conditions of consta
36、nt volume and such that all the water of the reaction products remains as water vapour (in a hypothetical state at 0,1 MPa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value, all at the reference temperature 3.1.4 net calorific value at constant pressure absolute value of the specific heat
37、(enthalpy) of combustion, for unit mass of the fuel burned in oxygen at constant pressure under such conditions that all the water of the reaction products remains as water vapour (at 0,1 MPa), the other products being as for the gross calorific value, all at the reference temperature 3.1.5 adiabati
38、c calorimeter calorimeter that has a rapidly changing jacket temperature NOTE The inner calorimeter chamber and the jacket exchange no energy because the water temperature in both is identical during the test. The water in the external jacket is heated or cooled to match the temperature change in th
39、e calorimeter proper. 3.1.6 isoperibol calorimeter isothermal type calorimeter that has a jacket of uniform and constant temperature NOTE These calorimeters have the inner chamber surrounded by a water jacket in which the temperature is maintained at ambient temperature. The outer jacket acts like a
40、 thermostat and the thermal conductivity of the interspace between the two chambers is kept as small as possible. 3.1.7 automated calorimeter colorimeter system without fluid, where the calorimeter can, stirrer and water are replaced by a metal block and the combustion bomb itself constitutes the ca
41、lorimeter BS ISO 1928:2009ISO 1928:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 3NOTE Characteristically, these calorimeters have a small heat capacity, leading to large changes in temperature. Therefore, smaller masses of sample are used. A calorimeter of this kind requires more frequent calibrations. 3.1.
42、8 reference temperature international reference temperature for thermochemistry, 25 C NOTE 1 See 8.7. NOTE 2 The temperature dependence of the calorific value of coal or coke is small, about 1 J/(gK). 3.1.9 effective heat capacity of the calorimeter amount of energy required to cause unit change in
43、temperature of the calorimeter 3.1.10 corrected temperature rise change in calorimeter temperature caused solely by the processes taking place within the combustion bomb NOTE The change in temperature can be expressed in terms of other units: resistance of a platinum or thermistor thermometer, frequ
44、ency of a quartz crystal resonator, etc., provided that a functional relationship is established between this quantity and a change in temperature. The effective heat capacity of the calorimeter can be expressed in units of energy per such an arbitrary unit. Criteria for the required linearity and c
45、loseness in conditions between calibrations and fuel tests are given in 9.3. 3.2 Symbols cp,aqspecific heat capacity of water cp,crspecific heat capacity of the crucible G specific rate constant g drift rate (dt/d) in the rating periods gfdrift rate in the after-period gidrift rate in the fore-perio
46、d M moisture in the analysis sample MTtotal moisture content of the fuel for which the calculation is required mbamass of benzoic acid mcrmass of crucible m1mass of fuel sample m2mass of combustion aid Pstpower of stirring Qfusecontribution from combustion of the fuse Qigncontribution from oxidation
47、 of the ignition wire QNcontribution from formation of nitric acid (from liquid water and gaseous nitrogen and oxygen) BS ISO 1928:2009ISO 1928:2009(E) 4 ISO 2009 All rights reservedQScorrection for taking the sulfur from the aqueous sulfuric acid in the bomb to gaseous sulfur dioxide qp,gr,dgross c
48、alorific value at constant pressure of the dry (moisture-free) fuel qp,netnet calorific value at constant pressure qp,net,dnet calorific value at constant pressure of the dry (moisture-free) fuel qp,net,mnet calorific value at constant pressure of the fuel with moisture content MTqV,bacertified gros
49、s calorific value at constant volume for benzoic acid qV,grgross calorific value at constant volume of the fuel as analysed qV,gr,dgross calorific value at constant volume of the dry (moisture-free) fuel qV,gr,mgross calorific value at constant volume of the fuel with moisture content MTqV,net,mnet calorific value at constant volume of the fuel with moisture content MTqV,2gross calorific value at constant volume of a combustion aid t calorimeter temperature texheat-leak correction tffinal temperature of the main peri
