1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 22028-1:2016Photography and graphictechnology Extended colourencodings for digital imagestorage, manipulation andinterchangePart 1: Architecture and requirementsBS ISO 22028-1:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO
2、22028-1:2016.It supersedes BS ISO 22028-1:2004 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CPW/42, Photography.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to incl
3、ude all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 90176 8ICS 37.040.99; 37.100.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations
4、.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2016.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 22028-1:2016 ISO 2016Photography and graphic technology Extended colour encodings for digital image storage, manipulatio
5、n and interchange Part 1: Architecture and requirementsPhotographie et technologie graphique Codages par couleurs tendues pour stockage, manipulation et change dimage numrique Partie 1: Architecture et exigencesINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO22028-1Second edition2016-03-15Reference numberISO 22028-1:2016(
6、E)BS ISO 22028-1:2016ISO 22028-1:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechan
7、ical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switz
8、erlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 22028-1:2016ISO 22028-1:2016(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Image-state-based digital imaging architecture . 84.1 General . 84.2 Scene-referred colour encoding
9、s 94.3 Picture-referred colour encodings 104.3.1 General. 104.3.2 Original-referred colour encodings 104.3.3 Output-referred colour encodings .104.4 Colour-rendering transforms 114.5 Colour re-rendering transforms . 114.6 Film rendering and unrendering transforms 125 Requirements for specifying a co
10、lour encoding .125.1 Colour encoding hierarchy 125.2 Information needed to define a colour space 135.2.1 General. 135.2.2 Colourimetric colour spaces . 135.2.3 Colour appearance colour spaces.155.2.4 Device-dependent colour spaces 165.3 Information needed to define a colour space encoding .175.3.1 G
11、eneral. 175.3.2 Colour space175.3.3 Digital encoding method 185.3.4 Set of valid colour values . 195.4 Information needed to define a colour image encoding 195.4.1 General. 195.4.2 Colour space encoding .205.4.3 Image state . 205.4.4 Reference image viewing environment .215.4.5 Set of valid colour v
12、alues . 225.4.6 Reference imaging medium . 23Annex A (informative) Example system workflows .24Annex B (informative) Characteristics of existing colour encodings .34Annex C (informative) Criteria for selection of colour encoding .46Bibliography .52 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO
13、 22028-1:2016ISO 22028-1:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body intere
14、sted in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
15、Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documen
16、ts should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible
17、 for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for t
18、he convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: F
19、oreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 42, Photography.This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22028-1:2004), of which it constitutes a minor revision with changes in Annex B and Bibliography. It also incorporates the Technica
20、l Corrigendum ISO 22028-1:2004/Cor. 1:2007.ISO 22028 consists of the following parts, under the general title Photography and graphic technology Extended colour encodings for digital image storage, manipulation and interchange: Part 1: Architecture and requirements Part 2: Reference output medium me
21、tric RGB colour image encoding (ROMM RGB) Part 3: Reference input medium metric RGB colour image encoding (RIMM RGB) Part 4: European Colour Initiative RGB colour image encoding eciRGB (2008)iv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 22028-1:2016ISO 22028-1:2016(E)IntroductionModern digital imaging syste
22、ms serve a variety of consumer and commercial applications. Depending on the application, differing priorities will apply to such system attributes as image quality, interoperability, simplicity of system architecture and computations, and the flexibility for optimally using images for a variety of
23、purposes. Trade-offs among these attributes are application-dependent.A fundamental choice for any imaging system architecture is how to represent images numerically, in what colour space and with what digital encoding. In some applications, a single colour encoding designed to be compatible with th
24、e prevalent mode of image viewing by the end user can suffice. Since both multimedia and Internet-based imaging rely heavily on the viewing of images on a softcopy display, the use of sRGB as a colour encoding makes sense for those applications. However, because the colour gamut of sRGB does not enc
25、ompass the colour gamuts of many common input and output devices, a system architecture that depends exclusively on the use of sRGB would compromise colour reproduction accuracy unacceptably for some applications.Colour management systems, such as that defined by the International Colour Consortium
26、(ICC), provide a mechanism for transforming between various device-dependent and device-independent colour encodings through the use of colour profiles that are used to define transformations between the various colour encodings and a standard colour space known as the profile connection space (PCS)
27、. (The ICC.1:2001-12 specification defines two different PCS variations; one for colourimetric intent profiles and one for perceptual intent profiles.) The ICC PCS is intended to be a colour space to be used for connecting together different colour profiles and as such has a colour gamut large enoug
28、h to encompass most common input and output devices and media. However, the ICC PCS was not designed to be used as a colour encoding for the storage, transmission or editing of digital images. Additionally, since ICC colour management is primarily designed to work with colour images in a picture-ref
29、erred image state, it does not provide any explicit mechanism for the representation and manipulation of image data corresponding to other image states.There are many different applications in the fields of digital photography and graphic technology that involve editing, storage and interchange of d
30、igital images in a variety of image states and colour encodings. In order to clearly communicate colour image information within and between these applications, it is necessary to unambiguously describe the meaning of the colour values used to encode digital images. The colour encoding definitions n
31、eed to not only include a specification of the relationship between the digital code values and corresponding physical colour values but they also need to clearly specify any other information needed to unambiguously interpret the colour values. Accordingly, there is a need to identify what informat
32、ion is required when defining a colour encoding in order to ensure that digital image data can be clearly communicated between various applications.This part of ISO 22028 addresses this need by specifying a set of requirements to be met by colour encodings defined for various digital imaging applica
33、tions. This part of ISO 22028 also describes a reference image-state-based digital imaging architecture that is flexible enough to support a wide variety of applications and workflows. This image-state-based digital imaging architecture can be used to classify colour encodings into a number of diffe
34、rent image states. However, this part of ISO 22028 does not specify any particular workflow(s) that needs to be used for any particular digital imaging applications.There is also a need for the specification of standard extended-gamut colour encodings that can be used in the context of this architec
35、ture to preserve the full range of colour information at every stage of the workflow, from the initial image capture through to the final step of producing a softcopy or hardcopy reproduction. It is anticipated that subsequent parts of this multi-part standard will define at least one scene-referred
36、 extended-gamut colour encoding and at least one output-referred extended-gamut colour encoding.The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) draws attention to the fact that it is claimed that compliance with this part of ISO 22028 can involve the use of a patent concerning colour manage
37、ment given in Clause 4 and 5.4.3.ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of this patent right. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 22028-1:2016ISO 22028-1:2016(E)The holder of this patent right has assured ISO that he/she is willing to negotiate licences under reasonable a
38、nd non-discriminatory terms and conditions with applicants throughout the world. In this respect, the statement of the holder of this patent right is registered with ISO. Information can be obtained from:Microsoft CorporationOne Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052.Attention is drawn to the possibility
39、that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights other than those identified above. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO (www.iso.org/patents) and IEC (http:/patents.iec.ch) maintain on-line databases of patents relevant to
40、 their standards. Users are encouraged to consult the databases for the most up to date information concerning patents.vi ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 22028-1:2016INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22028-1:2016(E)Photography and graphic technology Extended colour encodings for digital image storage, m
41、anipulation and interchange Part 1: Architecture and requirements1 ScopeThis part of ISO 22028 specifies a set of requirements to be met by any extended-gamut colour encoding that is to be used for digital photography and/or graphic technology applications involving digital image storage, manipulati
42、on and/or interchange. This part of ISO 22028 is applicable to pictorial digital images that originate from an original scene, as well as digital images with content such as text, line art, vector graphics and other forms of original artwork. This part of ISO 22028 also describes a reference image-s
43、tate-based digital imaging architecture, encompassing many common workflows, that can be used to classify extended colour encodings into a number of different image states. However, this part of ISO 22028 does not specify any particular workflow(s) that are to be used for digital photography and/or
44、graphic technology applications.2 Normative referencesThe following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the reference
45、d document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 11664-1, Colorimetry Part 1: CIE standard colorimetric observers3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1absolute colorimetric coordinatestristimulus values, or other colorimetric coordina
46、tes derived from a tristimulus values, where the numerical values correspond to the magnitude of the physical stimulusEXAMPLE When CIE 1931 standard colour-matching functions are used, the Y-coordinate value corresponds to the luminance, not the luminance factor (or some scaled value thereof).3.2ada
47、pted whitecolour stimulus that an observer who is adapted to the viewing environment would judge to be perfectly achromatic and to have a luminance factor of unity, i.e. absolute colorimetric coordinates that an observer would consider to be a perfect white diffuserNote 1 to entry: The adapted white
48、 may vary within a scene. ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 22028-1:2016ISO 22028-1:2016(E)3.3additive RGB colour spacecolorimetric colour space having three colour primaries (generally red, green and blue) such that CIE XYZ tristimulus values can be determined from the RGB colour space values by
49、 forming a weighted combination of the CIE XYZ tristimulus values for the individual colour primaries, where the weights are proportional to the radiometrically linear colour space values for the corresponding colour primariesNote 1 to entry: A simple linear 3 3 matrix transformation can be used to transform between CIE XYZ tristimulus values and the radiometrically linear colour space values for an additive RGB colour space.Note 2 to entry: Additive RGB colour spaces are defined by specifying the CIE chromaticity values for a set of add
