1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 24415-2:2011Tips for assistive products forwalking Requirements andtest methodsPart 2: Durability of tips for crutchesBS ISO 24415-2:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational foreword
2、This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 24415-2:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee CH/173, Assistive products for persons with disability.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This
3、publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. BSI 2011ISBN 978 0 580 63300 3ICS 11.180.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under th
4、e authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2011.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 24415-2:2011Tips for assistive products for walking Requirements and test methods Part 2:Durability of tips for crutchesEmbouts pour produits dassistance la marche
5、Exigences et mthodes dessai Partie 2: Durabilit des embouts de bquilles ISO 2011Reference numberISO 24415-2:2011(E)First edition2011-08-15ISO24415-2INTERNATIONAL STANDARDBS ISO 24415-2:2011ISO 24415-2:2011(E)COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2011All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no par
6、t of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56
7、CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in Switzerlandii ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 24415-2:2011ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO mem
8、ber bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmen
9、tal and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Direct
10、ives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies
11、 casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.ISO 24415-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 173, Assistive products for per
12、sons with disability.ISO 24415 consists of the following parts, under the general title Tips for assistive products for walking Requirements and test methods: Part 1: Friction of tips Part 2: Durability of tips for crutchesISO 24415-2:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiBS ISO 24415-2:2011Introd
13、uctionThe characteristics of tips attached to the bottom of assistive products for walking are essential to ensuring user safety. The tips are continuously and repeatedly subjected to load and friction while walking; durability against this repeated load is important both for safety and for cost eff
14、ectiveness.Tips are used on many different assistive products for walking, including canes, walking sticks, crutches, walking frames, rollators, and walking tables. They are produced in many different sizes and are made of many different materials, depending on the sort of assistive products for wal
15、king to which they are applied. A variety of bottom shapes are available on the market for the many kinds of assistive products for walking.Generally, durability of rubber is estimated based on a wearing resistance test using test pieces rather than finished goods. However, tips for assistive produc
16、ts for walking are used in several different ways, therefore it is favourable to perform the test on manufactured tips (not manufactured test pieces) to obtain realistic data. For example, tips for crutches can endure less abrasion, because the load on tips for crutches is higher than that on tips f
17、or other assistive products for walking.This part of ISO 24415 specifies requirements and test methods for durability of tips for crutches to enable developers, manufacturers, distributors, and health care providers to determine whether tips have the necessary durability.ISO 24415-2:2011(E)iv ISO 20
18、11 All rights reservedBS ISO 24415-2:2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24415-2:2011(E)Tips for assistive products for walking Requirements and test methods Part 2:Durability of tips for crutches1 ScopeThis part of ISO 24415 specifies requirements and test methods for the durability of tips for crutches
19、, and is not applicable to tips manufactured for special purposes. The requirements and test method are based on tips being used with an ordinary gait on dry and flat walking surfaces.Crutches include elbow crutches, forearm support crutches, and axillary crutches, as described in ISO 9999.NOTE Spec
20、ial purposes might include walking on ice and/or snow.2 Normative referencesThe following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (includin
21、g any amendments) applies.ISO 9999, Assistive products for persons with disability Classification and terminologyEN 13036-4, Road and airfield surface characteristics Test methods Part 4: Method for measurement of slip/skid resistance of a surface The pendulum test3 Terms and definitionsFor the purp
22、oses of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1tipthat part of the crutch which is in contact with groundNOTE See Figure 1.3.2test tracksurface against which the tip is to be tested3.3actuatormechanism to produce the dynamic loading force3.4loading rodpart onto which the tip is
23、fixed and which transfers the loading force from the actuator to the tip3.5loading forceforce exerted on the tip along the longitudinal axis of the loading rod ISO 2011 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 24415-2:20113.6tilt angleplane angle between the rod axis when tilted and the rod axis when perpendicul
24、ar to the test track surface3.7axis of relative rotationaxis about which the relative rotation between the tip and the test track takes place1Key1 tipFigure 1 Tips4 RequirementsAfter having been tested, the condition of the tip shall be verified by inspection. No inner part shall be visible, no tear
25、 shall appear, and the tip shall be correctly fixed on the loading rod. All three tested samples shall fulfil the conditions mentioned above.5 Apparatus5.1 Test deviceThe test device consists of a test track, a motion control mechanism, a loading force mechanism and a load cell. Figure 2 shows a tes
26、t track and a rod. A motion control mechanism and a loading force mechanism cooperate during the test. When the loading rod with the tip is in the upright position, perpendicular to the test track, the loading force is at its maximum. The whole test apparatus (including the load cell) shall be rigid
27、.5.2 Test trackThe test track shall be a flat board, made of concrete. The test track shall be placed on a flat base during the test. Frictional characteristic of the surface on the test track is defined as “walkway surface traction” which shall be greater than 80 BPN when tested in accordance with
28、EN 13036-4.ISO 24415-2:2011(E)2 ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 24415-2:20115.3 Motion control mechanismThe motion control mechanism shall apply the tilt angle.5.4 Loading force mechanismThe loading force mechanism shall exert a loading force on the tip as observed in actual gait. The load shall
29、alternate from 0 N at the beginning and end of the test cycle, to 500200+( )N when the loading rod is perpendicular to the test track.A loading force mechanism may consist of a pneumatic actuator and a loading rod. The actuator generates pushing and pulling motions that allow an axial loading force
30、via the loading rod onto the tip to be tested (two possible conceptual schemes are shown in Figure 2).The longitudinal axis of the loading rod shall intersect with the axis of relative rotation between the tip and the test track. The axis of relative rotation shall be on the top surface of the test
31、track.5.5 Load cellA load cell that has been calibrated to an accuracy of 2 % shall measure the axial load. It is recommended that the capacity of the load cell be up to 1 000 N and that the load cell be connected with a waveform-viewing device (oscilloscope, etc.) or a data-recording system.123cab1
32、23caba) “Metronome” b) “Seesaw”Key1 tip2 test track3 loading rodaLoading force.bTilt angle.cAxis of relative rotation.Figure 2 Two examples of test apparatusISO 24415-2:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 24415-2:20116 Test method6.1 PreparationIf not otherwise specified, wash the tip with
33、neutral detergent, rinse with water and store the tip for at least 3 h in the test environment, in accordance with 6.2.Three test samples shall be prepared and tested.6.2 Testing environmentThe test shall be carried out at a temperature of (23 2) C.6.3 Test procedureThe test procedure shall be condu
34、cted as follows.a) Fix the tip sample to the loading rod. During the test the tip sample shall not be turned.b) Position the loading rod so that the tip just touches the test track at a tilt angle of -20 C.c) Load the tip to (100 20) N.d) Start to activate smoothly both the loading force mechanism a
35、nd the motion control mechanism.e) Exert the loading force smoothly to the maximum axial load of 500200+( )N when the loading rod is perpendicular to the test surface.f) Release the loading force smoothly to 0 N as the rod is tilted to a tilt angle of +20 C.g) Lift the tip up from the test track and
36、 return the loading rod to the start position, as described in b).h) Repeat the procedure from b) to g) 500 000 times with a frequency less than 0,8 Hz.i) After 500 000 cycles, check the tip as described in Clause 4.j) Three samples shall be tested and the results recorded.7 Test reportThe test repo
37、rt shall contain but not be limited to the following information:a) name and address of the manufacturer;b) name and address of the supplier of the product for testing;c) name and address of the testing institution;d) classification code and name in accordance with ISO 9999;e) manufacturers product
38、type and model identification name and/or number;f) suppliers product type and model identification name and/or number;g) tip photographs (side shape, bottom shape) before and after the test;h) inner diameter, bottom diameter, height, bottom thickness and weight of the tip before the test;i) test te
39、mperature, type and model identification name and/or number or specification of the test device;ISO 24415-2:2011(E)4 ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 24415-2:2011j) confirmation that the requirements in Clause 4 have been met after testing in accordance with 6.3;k) the start and end dates of the t
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