1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 25964-2:2013Information and documentation Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabulariesPart 2: Interoperability with other vocabulariesBS ISO 25964-2:2013 BRITISH
2、STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 25964-2:2013. It supersedes BS 8723-3:2007 which is withdrawn, and together with BS ISO 25964-1:2011, it supersedes BS 8723-1:2005 and BS 8723-4:2007, which are withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrus
3、ted to Technical Committee IDT/2/2, Information description, source identification and indexing.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provi sions of a contract. Users are respon
4、sible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2013 ISBN 978 0 580 72688 0 ICS 01.140.20 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Stan
5、dards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 May 2013. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affectedBS ISO 25964-2:2013Reference numberISO 25964-2:2013(E)ISO 2013INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO25964-2First edition2013-03-15Information and documentation Thesauri and interoperability with
6、other vocabularies Part 2: Interoperability with other vocabularies Information et documentation Thsaurus et interoprabilit avec dautres vocabulaires Partie 2: Interoprabilit avec dautres vocabulaires BS ISO 25964-2:2013ISO 25964-2:2013(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2013 All rights reserved. U
7、nless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. IS
8、O copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO 25964-2:2013ISO 25964-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword . vIntroduct
9、ion vi1 Scope 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Symbols, abbreviations and other conventions 155 Objectives and identification . 165.1 Objectives of interoperability and mapping . 165.2 Identifying the elements to be mapped . 166 Structural models for mapping across vocabularies
10、166.1 General . 166.2 Model 1: Structural unity 176.3 Model 2: Direct-linked . 176.4 Model 3: Hub structure . 176.5 Selective mapping . 196.6 Choosing among the options . 207 Types of mapping 207.1 General . 208 Equivalence mappings 218.1 General . 218.2 Simple equivalence . 218.3 Compound equivalen
11、ce 229 Hierarchical mappings 2510 Associative mappings. 2511 Exact, inexact and partial equivalence 2611.1 General . 2611.2 Exact equivalence . 2611.3 Inexact equivalence . 2711.4 Partial equivalence 2712 Use of mappings in information retrieval . 2812.1 General . 2812.2 Human mediation 2812.3 Examp
12、les of mapping implementation 2912.4 Conclusions and recommendations . 3013 Handling pre-coordination . 3113.1 General . 3113.2 Mapping between a thesaurus and a scheme with context-dependent captions 3213.3 Mapping more complex classes 3714 Techniques for identifying candidate mappings . 3814.1 Gen
13、eral procedure . 3814.2 Computer assisted direct matching 4014.3 Co-occurrence mapping . 4014.4 Other methods . 4015 Managing the data . 4115.1 Types of data to be recorded . 4115.2 Storing the data . 4315.3 Maintaining the mappings data 43BS ISO 25964-2:2013ISO 25964-2:2013(E) iv ISO 2013 All right
14、s reserved16 Display of mapped vocabularies 4516.1 General 4516.2 Single record display 4616.3 Complete displays based on one of the vocabularies .4816.4 Crosswalks .4917 Classification schemes .5017.1 Key characteristics and background .5017.2 Semantic components and relationships compared with the
15、saurus components 5317.3 Recommendations for mapping between a thesaurus and a classification scheme .5518 Classification schemes used for records management 5618.1 Key characteristics and background .5618.2 Semantic components and relationships compared with thesaurus components 5718.3 Recommendati
16、ons for interoperability with a thesaurus 5819 Taxonomies 5919.1 Key characteristics and background .5919.2 Types of taxonomies .6019.3 Semantic components and relationships .6119.4 Mapping between a thesaurus and a taxonomy .6320 Subject heading schemes .6720.1 Key characteristics and background .6
17、720.2 Semantic components and relationships .6820.3 Mapping subject headings to and from thesaurus concepts .6921 Ontologies 7221.1 Key characteristics and background .7221.2 Semantic components and relationships .7321.3 Structural comparison between thesauri and ontologies .7621.4 Interoperability
18、with thesauri 7722 Terminologies 7822.1 Key characteristics and background .7822.2 Semantic components and relationships compared with those of a thesaurus 7922.3 Interoperability with thesauri 8123 Name authority lists 8123.1 Key characteristics and background .8123.2 Semantic components and relati
19、onships .8323.3 Mapping between a thesaurus and a name authority list 8524 Synonym rings .8724.1 Key characteristics and background .8724.2 Semantic components and relationships .8824.3 Interoperability with thesauri 89Annex A (informative) Management of terminological data in support of interoperab
20、ility .90Bibliography 93Index .96BS ISO 25964-2:2013ISO 25964-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normall
21、y carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the
22、work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare In
23、ternational Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of
24、 the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 25964-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation, Subcommittee SC 9, Identification and description. ISO 25964-
25、1:2011, Clauses 1 to 13, correspond broadly to the content of ISO 2788:1986 and ISO 5964:1985. The remaining clauses of ISO 25964-1, and the whole of this part of ISO 25964, cover new ground not previously covered in any International Standard. ISO 25964 consists of the following parts, under the ge
26、neral title Information and documentation Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies: Part 1: Thesauri for information retrieval Part 2: Interoperability with other vocabularies ISO 25964-1 covers the development and maintenance of thesauri, both monolingual and multilingual, including fo
27、rmats and protocols for data exchange. This part of ISO 25964 covers interoperability between different thesauri and with other types of structured vocabulary. ISO 25964 covers development and maintenance of thesauri rather than how to use them in indexing, which is covered by ISO 999. BS ISO 25964-
28、2:2013ISO 25964-2:2013(E) vi ISO 2013 All rights reservedIntroduction The ability to identify and locate relevant information among vast collections and other resources is a major and pressing challenge today, hence the need for semantic interoperability. To support this need, a variety of web servi
29、ces and other tools are under active development, including (but not limited to): registries of vocabularies and metadata schemas, repositories of vocabularies and metadata schemas, and crosswalk services. While registries and repositories are outside the scope, this International Standard provides
30、guidance fundamental to the establishment of crosswalk services. Typically these rely on mapping between different schemas and vocabularies. Accordingly, inter-vocabulary mapping will be the principal focus of this part of ISO 25964. The foundation for discussion of interoperability is laid in ISO 2
31、5964-1, which describes the key characteristics of thesauri and provides guidance on best practice. Unfortunately, however, a comparable International Standard does not exist for the other types of vocabulary with which a thesaurus needs to interoperate. For this reason, this second part of ISO 2596
32、4 provides some elementary description of other vocabularies such as classification schemes, subject heading schemes, etc., before making recommendations on mapping between these and thesauri. It does not provide guidance on the construction of vocabularies other than thesauri. Clauses 1 to 12 and C
33、lauses 14 to 16 of this part of ISO 25964 deal with the principles and practicalities of interoperability, especially mapping, that apply to most vocabularies and especially thesauri. Clause 13 provides additional guidance for handling the pre-coordinated classes that occur in classification schemes
34、 and other vocabularies using the classification approach. Clauses 17 to 24 are each dedicated to a different type of vocabulary. First priority is given to vocabularies that are commonly used for classifying or indexing resources, namely classification schemes (including those used for records mana
35、gement), taxonomies, subject heading schemes and name authority lists. Notwithstanding their different purposes, terminologies, ontologies and synonym rings are also included. Each clause provides a brief informative description of the vocabularys key characteristics, contrasting its semantic compon
36、ents with those of a thesaurus, so as to provide context for the interoperability requirements and recommendations that follow. BS ISO 25964-2:2013INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 25964-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 1Information and documentation Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabular
37、ies Part 2: Interoperability with other vocabularies 1 Scope This part of ISO 25964 is applicable to thesauri and other types of vocabulary that are commonly used for information retrieval. It describes, compares and contrasts the elements and features of these vocabularies that are implicated when
38、interoperability is needed. It gives recommendations for the establishment and maintenance of mappings between multiple thesauri, or between thesauri and other types of vocabularies. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
39、 dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 25964-1:2011, Information and documentation Thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies Part 1: Thesauri for information retrieva
40、l 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 array group of sibling concepts (3.17) EXAMPLE In the following, the sibling concepts outerwear and underwear form an array within the concept clothing. clothing outerwear overcoats underwear
41、3.2 associative relationship relationship between a pair of concepts (3.17) that are not related hierarchically but share a strong semantic connection BS ISO 25964-2:2013ISO 25964-2:2013(E) 2 ISO 2013 All rights reserved3.3 broader term preferred term (3.62) representing a concept (3.17) that is bro
42、ader than the one in question NOTE The scope of the narrower concept falls completely within the scope of the broader. The relationship between the two is commonly indicated with the tag BT. For more explanation see ISO 25964-1:2011, 10.2.1. 3.4 caption text label of the class (3.10) represented by
43、a notation (3.54) in a classification scheme (3.12) NOTE A caption is read in conjunction with its hierarchical context. It does not need to be as complete or as self-contained as a scope note or even a preferred term in a thesaurus. Captions are sometimes known as class headings or class names. 3.5
44、 category concept (3.17) or group of similar or related concepts (3.17) used as a division or subdivision in a taxonomy (3.83) NOTE 1 In a classification scheme, such a group is normally called a class. NOTE 2 This definition of category should not be confused with “fundamental categories”, discusse
45、d in ISO 25964-1:2011 (for example in Clause 12) in the context of faceted classification. 3.6 category label text label representing a category (3.5) in a taxonomy (3.83) NOTE The category label in a taxonomy is comparable to the caption in a classification scheme, and although a category is often
46、referred to as a node, a category label should not be confused with a node label. 3.7 chain index index to a scheme that represents compound concepts (3.17) by a string of pre-coordinated (3.60) terms (3.84), such as a classification scheme (3.12), in which entries are generated by successive left t
47、runcation of strings of terms (3.84) representing complex concepts (3.17) NOTE See the example in 17.2.4, Figure 12. 3.8 characteristic of division attribute by which a concept (3.17) can be subdivided into an array (3.1) of narrower concepts (3.17) each having a distinct value of that attribute cf.
48、 node label (3.52) EXAMPLE In the following, age group is the characteristic of division applied to the concept of people. people (people by age group) children youths adults 3.9 citation order order in which preferred terms (3.62) or notations (3.54) are combined in a pre-coordinate (3.60) indexing
49、 (3.36) system or a classification scheme (3.12) to form strings representing complex concepts (3.17) BS ISO 25964-2:2013ISO 25964-2:2013(E) ISO 2013 All rights reserved 33.10 class concept (3.17) or group of similar or related concepts (3.17) used as a division or subdivision in a classification scheme (3.12) NOTE Classes are the basic units of which a classification scheme is constructed. In a taxonomy, although this is a type of classification scheme, they are generally known as categories (see 3.5). Occasionall
