1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 26367-1:2011Guidelines for assessing theadverse environmental impactof fire effluentsPart 1: GeneralBS ISO 26367-1:2011 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Stand
2、ard is the UK implementation of ISO 26367-1:2011.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee FSH/16, Hazards to life from fire.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include
3、 all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI StandardsLimited 2012ISBN 978 0 580 66180 8ICS 13.220.01Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British
4、Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 March 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 26367-1:2011Reference numberISO 26367-1:2011(E)ISO 2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 26367-1First edition 2011-03-01Guidelines for assess
5、ing the adverse environmental impact of fire effluents Part 1: General Lignes directrices pour dterminer limpact environnemental des effluents du feu Partie 1: Gnralits BS ISO 26367-1:2011ISO 26367-1:2011(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licen
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10、1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2011 All rights reservedBS ISO 26367-1:2011ISO 26367-1:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1
11、 3 Terms and definitions .2 4 Fire effluents 3 4.1 Overview.3 4.2 Effluent generation4 4.3 Fire stages5 4.4 Emissions to the air 6 4.5 Emission to the terrestrial environment .8 4.6 Emission to water environment .8 5 Adverse environmental impacts of fire effluents.9 5.1 Short-term impacts9 5.2 Long-
12、term impacts 9 6 Intervention 10 6.1 Background10 6.2 Sensitivity of receptors.10 7 Assessment of environmental impact.11 7.1 Establishing sampling requirements 11 7.2 Sampling options 11 Annex A (informative) Examples of significant fire incidents13 Annex B (informative) Overview of relevant regula
13、tions and guidance documents .15 Bibliography17 BS ISO 26367-1:2011ISO 26367-1:2011(E) iv ISO 2011 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Stan
14、dards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also t
15、ake part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees
16、is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibil
17、ity that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 26367-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 3, Fire threat to people and environment. ISO 2
18、6367 consists of the following parts, under the general title Guidelines for assessing the adverse environmental impact of fire effluents: Part 1: General Components from fires in the built environment, open storage and transport is to form the subject of a future Part 2. BS ISO 26367-1:2011ISO 2636
19、7-1:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved vIntroduction In view of the fact that relevant quantitative data on environmentally hazardous components of fire effluents cannot routinely be obtained from accidental fires, appropriate data may also have to be obtained from real scale fire tests and simula
20、tions involving physical fire models. General awareness of the fact that large fires present dramatic and persistent adverse effects on the environment has been accentuated by a number of high-impact incidents over the past half-century. Annex A contains a list of major fire incidents in recent year
21、s. The serious consequences of such events have confirmed that the environmental impact of fires is a pressing international issue that urgently needs to be dealt with globally and systematically. This part of ISO 26367 provides a framework for a common treatment of the environmental impact of fires
22、 in answer to this pressing need. It is principally intended for use by the following parties: fire-fighters and investigators; building owners and managers; storage facility operators; materials and product manufacturers; insurance providers; environmental regulatory authorities; civil defence orga
23、nizations; public health authorities. BS ISO 26367-1:2011BS ISO 26367-1:2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 26367-1:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 1Guidelines for assessing the adverse environmental impact of fire effluents Part 1: General 1 Scope This part of ISO 26367 gives guidelines whose prima
24、ry focus is the assessment of the adverse environmental impact of fire effluents, including those from fires occurring in commercial and domestic premises, unenclosed commercial sites, industrial and agricultural sites, as well as those involving road, rail and maritime transport systems. Its scope
25、does not extend to direct acute toxicity issues, which are covered by other existing International Standards. It is intended to serve as a tool for the development of standard protocols for a) the assessment of local and remote adverse environmental impacts of fires, and the definition of appropriat
26、e preventive measures, b) post-fire analyses to identify the nature and extent of the adverse environmental impacts of fires, and c) the collection of relevant data for use in environmental fire hazard assessments. This part of ISO 26367 is intended as an umbrella document to set the scene concernin
27、g what should be considered when determining the environmental impact of fires. It is not a comprehensive catalogue of methods and models defining how to determine the environmental impact of fires, intended to be addressed by other parts of ISO 26367. 2 Normative references The following referenced
28、 documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 13943, Fire safety Vocabulary BS ISO 26367-1:2011ISO 26367-1:2011(E)
29、2 ISO 2011 All rights reserved3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943 and the following apply. 3.1 environment surroundings within which a fire occurs, including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna and humans, and their in
30、terrelation NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 140012. NOTE 2 For the purposes of this part of ISO 26367, “the environment” includes the following: local: within the perimeter of a burning enclosure (this part of ISO 26367 is not applicable to burning enclosures); immediate: vicinity within a short distance of
31、, e.g. 1 km from the fire and excluding the local area of an enclosure fire. external: area outside the immediate vicinity of a fire; the extent of this depends on weather conditions and types of emission, i.e. to air, water or land, with short-term or long-term consequences. 3.2 environmental impac
32、t any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from a fire NOTE 1 Adapted from ISO 140012. NOTE 2 In this part of ISO 26367 it is used to signify an adverse change to the environment. 3.3 major accident significant emission, fire or explosion resulting
33、from uncontrolled developments in the course of the operation of any establishment, and leading to serious danger to human health and/or the environment, immediate or delayed, inside or outside the establishment, and involving environmentally hazardous materials 3.4 fire effluent all gases and aeros
34、ols, including suspended particles, created by combustion or pyrolysis NOTE It also refers to run-off water generated during fire-fighting activities. 3.5 primary fire effluent effluent released directly from the fire source 3.6 receptors segments of the environment on which fire effluents can have
35、an impact, including air, water, and soil environments, plus flora and fauna associated with these environments, including humans 3.7 secondary fire effluent effluent created through interaction between a primary fire effluent and the environment 3.8 run-off fluid effluent created through the intera
36、ction between a fire and a liquid extinguishing agent and hazardous materials stored or generated on site BS ISO 26367-1:2011ISO 26367-1:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 33.9 enclosed fires fires which have been ignited and which take place inside an enclosure NOTE This term is particularly impo
37、rtant when defining the ventilation conditions in the fire. 3.10 fires in ruptured enclosures fires in enclosures that have been breached and that allow unrestricted emission of the fire smoke plume for environmental distribution NOTE Fire-fighting tactics in this type of fire are, in some cases, si
38、milar to those for an enclosure fire, even though emissions and environmental effects are similar to those for a fire in the open. 3.11 unenclosed fires fires which initiate and propagate in the open air and those which initiate and propagate within an enclosure that subsequently ruptures and transf
39、orms the fire in terms of ventilation conditions and effluent transport mechanisms 4 Fire effluents 4.1 Overview The interaction between a fire and its surroundings or environment is illustrated in Figure 1, which shows how fires cause harm to the environment through direct gaseous and particulate e
40、missions to the atmosphere, spread of atmospheric emissions, deposition of atmospheric emissions, soil contamination, and ground and surface water contamination. NOTE The contamination can be due to emissions from the fire itself or those associated with the fire-fighting activities, which was the c
41、ause of the greatest environmental impact at the fire in the chemical facility in Basel, Switzerland in 1986 (see Annex A). Interaction through thermal radiation is not included in Figure 1. In the case of sensitive environments, this effect should also be taken into account. The effect of these var
42、ious emissions depends in part on the transfer mechanism for example, the emission of gaseous species and the effect of weather or the emission of contaminated fire-fighting water and its interaction with the drainage system and on the specific species, i.e. small gaseous compounds, large particles
43、and the range of species in between. It should also be noted that emissions can undergo chemical changes after emission, e.g. chemical modification of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere due to ultraviolet (UV) light. A wide variety of toxic effluents (both primary and secondary) are emitted in
44、fires. These effluents can follow a number of pathways to impact on human, animal or plant receptors. Even for industrial sites, risk assessments cannot take into account all potential impacts, but contingency planning should take account of appropriate “worst-case” scenarios. BS ISO 26367-1:2011ISO
45、 26367-1:2011(E) 4 ISO 2011 All rights reservedatmospherewindcarbon dioxidecarbon monoxideother gasessootwaterother condensatesdistributiondilutionsedimentationburning objectfire residuesfire debris wasterecyclingagents- water - powder- foam - gasesvicinitysewerage system ground/groundwater surface
46、waterssoil / waterscontaminationextraction by waterFigure 1 Emission pathways from fires 4.2 Effluent generation Initial decomposition is generally through pyrolysis, by which materials are broken down by heat to yield a range of organic by-products that provide the volatile fuel for combustion. The
47、 elemental composition of materials provides guidance when predicting the combustion or decomposition products that can be generated during a fire. The molecular composition or structure of a polymer can affect combustion efficiency and the mix of organic and inorganic combustion products generated
48、in a fire. NOTE 1 BS 79828gives guidance on the environmental impact of large fires with polymers. The relative yields of the various combustion and pyrolysis compounds depend mainly upon the combustion conditions. Smouldering fires involve slow thermal decomposition under oxidative non-flaming cond
49、itions. These conditions give rise to fire emissions that are rich in organic compounds. Well-ventilated flaming fires, having a high air/fuel ratio, provide more efficient combustion conditions than vitiated fires. In the context of potential impacts to the environment, large, ventilation-controlled flaming fires are potentially the most environmentally harmful. In an event it is important to consider what is being produced at any given stage in the fire and how this can be emitted to the
