1、Air quality Environmental meteorologyPart 2: Ground-based remote sensing of wind by heterodyne pulsed Doppler lidarBS ISO 28902-2:2017BSI Standards PublicationWB11885_BSI_StandardCovs_2013_AW.indd 1 15/05/2013 15:06 ISO 2017Air quality Environmental meteorology Part 2:Ground-based remote sensing of
2、wind by heterodyne pulsed Doppler lidarQualit de lair Mtorologie de lenvironnement Partie 2: Tldtection du vent par lidar Doppler puls htrodyne base sur le solINTERNATIONALSTANDARDISO28902-2First edition2017-07Reference numberISO 28902-2:2017(E)National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implem
3、entation of ISO 28902-2:2017.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee EH/2/3, Ambient atmospheres.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provi
4、sions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2017 Published by BSI Standards Limited 2017ISBN 978 0 580 77339 6ICS 07.060Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This Published Document was published
5、 under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 August 2017.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 289022:2017 ISO 2017Air quality Environmental meteorology Part 2: Ground-based remote sensing of wind by heterodyne pulsed Dopp
6、ler lidarQualit de lair Mtorologie de lenvironnement Partie 2: Tldtection du vent par lidar Doppler puls htrodyne base sur le solINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO28902-2First edition2017-07Reference numberISO 28902-2:2017(E)BS ISO 289022:2017ISO 28902-2:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTEC
7、TED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
8、written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 289022
9、:2017ISO 28902-2:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
10、photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 2
11、2 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgISO 28902-2:2017(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Terms and definitions . 14 Fundamentals of heterodyne pulsed Doppler lidar . 44.1 Overview 44.2 Heterodyne detection 54.3 Spectral analysis 74.4 Target variables
12、 . 104.5 Sources of noise and uncertainties . 104.5.1 Local oscillator shot noise 104.5.2 Detector noise .114.5.3 Relative intensity noise (RIN) 114.5.4 Speckles 114.5.5 Laser frequency .114.6 Range assignment . 114.7 Known limitations . 115 System specifications and tests 125.1 System specification
13、s . 125.1.1 Transmitter characteristics . 125.1.2 Transmitter/receiver characteristics 135.1.3 Signal sampling parameters 135.1.4 Pointing system characteristics . 145.2 Relationship between system characteristics and performance 155.2.1 Figure of merit 155.2.2 Time-bandwidth trade-offs . 165.3 Prec
14、ision and availability of measurements . 175.3.1 Radial velocity measurement accuracy .175.3.2 Data availability .175.3.3 Maximum operational range 175.4 Testing procedures . 185.4.1 General. 185.4.2 Radial velocity measurement validation 185.4.3 Assessment of accuracy by intercomparison with other
15、instrumentation 205.4.4 Maximum operational range validation216 Measurement planning and installation instructions 236.1 Site requirements 236.2 Limiting conditions for general operation . 236.3 Maintenance and operational test . 246.3.1 General. 246.3.2 Maintenance . 246.3.3 Operational test .246.3
16、.4 Uncertainty 24Annex A (informative) Continuous-wave Doppler wind lidar .26Annex B (informative) Retrieval of the wind vector 27Annex C (informative) Applications .32Annex D (informative) Typical application ranges and corresponding requirements .36Bibliography .38 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iii
17、Contents PageBS ISO 289022:2017ISO 28902-2:2017(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each
18、member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
19、 Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different t
20、ypes of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall no
21、t be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).Any trade name used in this document is
22、information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organizat
23、ion (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 5, Meteorology, and by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a common ISO/WMO St
24、andard under the Agreement on Working Arrangements signed between the WMO and ISO in 2008.A list of all parts in the ISO 28902 series can be found on the ISO website.iv ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 289022:2017ISO 28902-2:2017(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) i
25、s a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represe
26、nted on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develo
27、p this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/I
28、EC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during
29、the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the vol
30、untary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .h
31、tml.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 5, Meteorology, and by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a common ISO/WMO Standard under the Agreement on Working Arrangements signed between the WMO and ISO in 2008.A list of all parts in the
32、 ISO 28902 series can be found on the ISO website.iv ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO 28902-2:2017(E)IntroductionLidars (“light detection and ranging”), standing for atmospheric lidars in the scope of this document have proven to be valuable systems for remote sensing of atmospheric pollutants, of v
33、arious meteorological parameters such as clouds, aerosols, gases and (where Doppler technology is available) wind. The measurements can be carried out without direct contact and in any direction as electromagnetic radiation is used for sensing the targets. Lidar systems, therefore, supplement the co
34、nventional in-situ measurement technology. They are suited for a large number of applications that cannot be adequately performed by using in situ or point measurement methods.There are several methods by which lidar can be used to measure atmospheric wind. The four most commonly used methods are pu
35、lsed and continuous wave coherent Doppler wind lidar, direct-detection Doppler wind lidar and resonance Doppler wind lidar (commonly used for mesospheric sodium layer measurements). For further reading, refer to References 1 and 2.This document describes the use of heterodyne pulsed Doppler lidar sy
36、stems. Some general information on continuous-wave Doppler lidar can be found in Annex A. An International Standard on this method is in preparation. ISO 2017 All rights reserved vBS ISO 289022:2017BS ISO 289022:2017Air quality Environmental meteorology Part 2: Ground-based remote sensing of wind by
37、 heterodyne pulsed Doppler lidar1 ScopeThis document specifies the requirements and performance test procedures for heterodyne pulsed Doppler lidar techniques and presents their advantages and limitations. The term “Doppler lidar” used in this document applies solely to heterodyne pulsed lidar syste
38、ms retrieving wind measurements from the scattering of laser light onto aerosols in the atmosphere. A description of performances and limits are described based on standard atmospheric conditions.This document describes the determination of the line-of-sight wind velocity (radial wind velocity).NOTE
39、 Derivation of wind vector from individual line-of-sight measurements is not described in this document since it is highly specific to a particular wind lidar configuration. One example of the retrieval of the wind vector can be found in Annex B.This document does not address the retrieval of the wi
40、nd vector.This document may be used for the following application areas: meteorological briefing for, e.g. aviation, airport safety, marine applications and oil platforms; wind power production, e.g. site assessment and power curve determination; routine measurements of wind profiles at meteorologic
41、al stations; air pollution dispersion monitoring; industrial risk management (direct data monitoring or by assimilation into micro-scale flow models); exchange processes (greenhouse gas emissions).This document addresses manufacturers of heterodyne pulsed Doppler wind lidars, as well as bodies testi
42、ng and certifying their conformity. Also, this document provides recommendations for the users to make adequate use of these instruments.2 Normative referencesThere are no normative references in this document.3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definiti
43、ons apply.ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electropedia: available at h t t p :/ www .electropedia .org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at h t t p :/ www .iso .org/ obpINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28902-2:2017(E) ISO 2017
44、 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 289022:2017ISO 28902-2:2017(E)3.1data availabilityratio between the actual considered measurement data with a predefined data quality and the number of expected measurement data for a given measurement period (3.10)3.2displayed range resolutionconstant spatial interval b
45、etween the centres of two successive range gates (3.13)Note 1 to entry: The displayed range resolution is also the size of a range gate on the display. It is determined by the range gate length and the overlap between successive gates.3.3effective range resolutionapplication-related variable describ
46、ing an integrated range interval for which the target variable is delivered with a defined uncertaintySOURCE: ISO 28902-1:2012, 3.143.4effective temporal resolutionapplication-related variable describing an integrated time interval for which the target variable is delivered with a defined uncertaint
47、ySOURCE: ISO 28902-1:2012, 3.12, modified.3.5extinction coefficientmeasure of the atmospheric opacity, expressed by the natural logarithm of the ratio of incident light intensity to transmitted light intensity, per unit light path lengthSOURCE: ISO 28902-1:2012, 3.103.6integration timetime spent in
48、order to derive the line-of-sight velocity3.7maximum acquisition rangeRMaxAmaximum distance to which the lidar signal is recorded and processedNote 1 to entry: It depends on the number of acquisition points and the sampling frequency.3.8minimum acquisition rangeRMinAminimum distance from which the l
49、idar signal is recorded and processedNote 1 to entry: If the minimum acquisition range is not given, it is assumed to be zero. It can be different from zero, when the reception is blind during the pulse emission.3.9maximum operational rangeRMaxOmaximum distance to which a confident wind speed can be derived from the lidar signalNote 1 to entry: The maximum operational range is less than or equal to the maximum acquisition range.2 ISO 2017 All rights reservedBS ISO 289022:2017IS
