1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58terms used in probabilityICS 01.040.03; 03.120.30Statistics Vocabulary and symbols Part 1: General
2、statistical terms and BRITISH STANDARDBS ISO 3534-1:2006BS ISO 3534-1:2006This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2006 BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 49597 3Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date Commentscontract. Users are
3、responsible for its correct application.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.National forewordThis British Standard was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of ISO 3534-1:2006. It supersedes BS ISO 3534-1:1993 which is withdrawn.The UK participati
4、on in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee SS/1, Statistical terminology and symbols.A list of organizations represented on SS/1 can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a Reference numberNumro de rfrence
5、ISO 3534-1:2006(E/F)INTERNATIONAL STANDARD NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO3534-1Second editionDeuxime dition2006-10-15Statistics Vocabulary and symbols Part 1: General statistical terms and terms used in probability Statistique Vocabulaire et symboles Partie 1: Termes statistiques gnraux et termes utiliss
6、en calcul des probabilits BS ISO 3534-1:2006ii iiiContents Page Foreword. v Introduction vii Scope 1 1 General statistical terms 2 2 Terms used in probability 37 Annex A (informative) Symbols 81 Annex B (informative) Statistical concept diagrams 84 Annex C (informative) Probability concept diagrams.
7、 90 Annex D (informative) Methodology used in the development of the vocabulary 94 Bibliography . 101 Alphabetical index . 102 French alphabetical index (Index alphabtique). 104 BS ISO 3534-1:2006iv Sommaire Page Avant-propos.vi Introduction .viii Domaine dapplication .1 1 Termes statistiques gnraux
8、 .2 2 Termes utiliss en probabilit .37 Annexe A (informative) Symboles.81 Annexe B (informative) Diagrammes de concept84 Annexe C (informative) Diagramme de concept de probabilit .90 Annexe D (informative) Mthodologie utilise pour laborer le vocabulaire .94 Bibliographie 101 Index alphabtique anglai
9、s (Alphabetical index) 102 Index alphabtique.104 BS ISO 3534-1:2006vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technica
10、l committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely wit
11、h the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft Inter
12、national Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may
13、 be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 3534-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 69, Applications of statistical methods, Subcommittee SC 1, Terminology and symbols. This second edition cancels and replaces the f
14、irst edition (ISO 3534-1:1993), which has been technically revised. ISO 3534 consists of the following parts, under the general title Statistics Vocabulary and symbols: Part 1: General statistical terms and terms used in probability Part 2: Applied statistics Part 3: Design of experiments BS ISO 353
15、4-1:2006vi Avant-propos LISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fdration mondiale dorganismes nationaux de normalisation (comits membres de lISO). Llaboration des Normes internationales est en gnral confie aux comits techniques de lISO. Chaque comit membre intress par une tude a
16、le droit de faire partie du comit technique cr cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec lISO participent galement aux travaux. LISO collabore troitement avec la Commission lectrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normal
17、isation lectrotechnique. Les Normes internationales sont rdiges conformment aux rgles donnes dans les Directives ISO/CEI, Partie 2. La tche principale des comits techniques est dlaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes internationales adopts par les comits techniques sont soumis aux
18、 comits membres pour vote. Leur publication comme Normes internationales requiert lapprobation de 75 % au moins des comits membres votants. Lattention est appele sur le fait que certains des lments du prsent document peuvent faire lobjet de droits de proprit intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. LI
19、SO ne saurait tre tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifi de tels droits de proprit et averti de leur existence. LISO 3534-1 a t labore par le comit technique ISO/TC 69, Application des mthodes statistiques, sous-comit SC 1, Terminologie et symboles. Cette deuxime dition annule et remplace l
20、a premire dition (ISO 3534-1:1993), qui a fait lobjet dune rvision technique. LISO 3534 comprend les parties suivantes, prsentes sous le titre gnral Statistique Vocabulaire et symboles: Partie 1: Termes statistiques gnraux et termes utiliss en calcul des probabilits Partie 2: Statistique applique Pa
21、rtie 3: Plans dexprience BS ISO 3534-1:2006viiIntroduction The current versions of ISO 3534-1 and ISO 3534-2 are intended to be compatible. They share the common goal of restricting their respective mathematical levels to the minimum levels necessary to attain coherent, correct and concise definitio
22、ns. Part 1 on terms used in probability and statistics is fundamental, so by necessity is presented at a somewhat sophisticated mathematical level. Recognizing that users of ISO 3534-2 or other TC 69 standards on applied statistics may occasionally consult this part of ISO 3534for the definition of
23、certain terms, several of the terms are described in a less technical manner within the notes and are illustrated with examples. Although these informal descriptions are not a substitute for formal definitions, they may provide a working, layman definition of concepts, thus serving the needs of mult
24、iple users of these terminology standards. To accommodate further the applied user who normally would be involved with standards such as ISO 3534-2 or ISO 5725, for example, notes and examples are offered to make this part of ISO 3534 more accessible. A well-defined and reasonably complete set of pr
25、obability and statistical terms is essential to the development of and effective use of statistical standards. The definitions provided here must be sufficiently accurate and mathematically sophisticated to enable statistical standards developers to avoid ambiguities. Of course, more detailed explan
26、ations of concepts, their contexts and their realms of application can be found in introductory probability and statistics textbooks. Concept diagrams are provided in an informative annex for each group of terms: 1) general statistical terms (in Annex B) and 2) terms used in probability (in Annex C)
27、. There are six concept diagrams for general statistical terms and four concept diagrams for terms related to probability. Some terms appear in multiple diagrams to provide a link from one set of concepts to another. Annex D provides a brief introduction to Concept Diagrams and their interpretation.
28、 These diagrams were instrumental in constructing this revision as they assist in delineating the interrelationships of the various terms. These diagrams are also likely to be useful in translating the standard into other languages. As a general comment with respect to much of the standard, unless o
29、therwise indicated, the definitions relate to the one-dimensional (univariate) case. This provision is admitted here to eliminate the need to mention repetitively the one-dimensional scope for most of the definitions. BS ISO 3534-1:2006viii Introduction Les versions actuelles de lISO 3534-1 et de lI
30、SO 3534-2 sont destines tre compatibles. Elles partagent lobjectif commun de rduire leurs niveaux mathmatiques au strict minimum pour obtenir des dfinitions cohrentes, correctes et concises. La prsente partie de lISO 3534, relative aux termes utiliss dans le domaine des probabilits et des statistiqu
31、es, est fondamentale et se prsente de ce fait un niveau mathmatique relativement sophistiqu. Dans la mesure o les utilisateurs de lISO 3534-2 ou dautres normes du TC 69 relatives la statistique applique peuvent avoir consulter la prsente partie de lISO 3534, pour certains termes, les notes figurant
32、la suite des termes sont rdiges de manire moins technique et sont illustres par des exemples. Bien que ces notes informelles ne remplacent nullement des dfinitions formelles, elles peuvent donner une dfinition de travail non technique des concepts et ainsi rpondre aux besoins des nombreux utilisateu
33、rs de ces normes terminologiques. Des notes et des exemples sont ainsi proposs pour faciliter la comprhension de la prsente partie de lISO 3534, et sadapter davantage lutilisateur spcialiste qui, normalement, serait amen consulter des normes telles que lISO 3534-2 ou lISO 5725. Un ensemble correctem
34、ent dfini et suffisant de termes de probabilit et de termes statistiques est fondamental pour llaboration et lutilisation efficace des normes statistiques. Les dfinitions du prsent document doivent tre suffisamment prcises et dun niveau mathmatique assez sophistiqu pour permettre aux rdacteurs de no
35、rmes statistiques dviter toute ambigut. De plus amples explications des concepts, de leurs contextes ainsi que de leurs domaines dapplication peuvent naturellement tre retrouves en consultant les livres dintroduction la probabilit et aux statistiques. Des diagrammes de concepts sont fournis dans une
36、 annexe informative pour chaque groupe de termes: 1) termes statistiques gnraux (voir Annexe B) et 2) termes utiliss en probabilit (voir Annexe C). Il existe six diagrammes de concepts pour les termes statistiques gnraux et quatre diagrammes de concepts pour les termes relatifs la probabilit. Certai
37、ns des termes apparaissent dans plusieurs de ces diagrammes afin de fournir un lien permettant de passer dun groupe de concepts un autre groupe de concepts. LAnnexe D fournit une introduction succincte aux Diagrammes de concept et leur interprtation. Ces diagrammes ont t utiliss comme outils pour ll
38、aboration de cette rvision dans la mesure o ils aident au cadrage des interrelations entre les diffrents termes. Ces diagrammes sont galement susceptibles dtre utiles la traduction de la norme dans dautres langues. Dune manire gnrale, eu gard au contenu global de la norme, et sauf indication contrai
39、re, les dfinitions font rfrence au cas une dimension ( une variable). Cette disposition est admise dans le prsent document afin dviter la rptition obligatoire de la porte unidimensionnelle de la plupart des dfinitions. BS ISO 3534-1:20061Statistics Vocabulary and symbols Part 1: General statistical
40、terms and terms used in probability Statistique Vocabulaire et symboles Partie 1: Termes statistiques gnraux et termes utiliss en calcul des probabilits Scope This part of ISO 3534 defines general statistical terms and terms used in probability which may be used in the drafting of other Internationa
41、l Standards. In addition, it defines symbols for a limited number of these terms. The terms are classified as: a) general statistical terms (Clause 1); b) terms used in probability (Clause 2). Annex A gives a list of symbols and abbreviations recommended to be used for this part of ISO 3534. The ent
42、ries in this part of ISO 3534 are arranged in association with concept diagrams provided as Annexes B and C. Domaine dapplication La prsente partie de lISO 3534 dfinit les termes statistiques gnraux et les termes utiliss en calcul des probabilits susceptibles dtre utiliss dans la rdaction dautres No
43、rmes internationales. En outre, elle dfinit un ensemble de symboles pour un nombre limit de ces termes. Les termes sont classs sous les rubriques suivantes: a) termes statistiques gnraux (Article 1); b) termes utiliss en calcul des probabilits (Article 2). LAnnexe A donne une liste des symboles et a
44、brviations utiliss dans la prsente partie de lISO 3534. Les entres dans la prsente partie de lISO 3534 sont classes en association avec les diagrammes de concepts fournis dans les Annexes B et C. BS ISO 3534-1:20062 1 General statistical terms 1 Termes statistiques gnraux 1.1 population totality of
45、items under consideration NOTE 1 A population may be real and finite, real and infinite or completely hypothetical. Sometimes the term “finite population” is used, especially in survey sampling. Likewise the term “infinite population” is used in the context of sampling from a continuum. In Clause 2,
46、 population will be viewed in a probabilistic context as the sample space (2.1). NOTE 2 A hypothetical population allows one to imagine the nature of further data under various assumptions. Hence, hypothetical populations are useful at the design stage of statistical investigations, particularly for
47、 determining appropriate sample sizes. A hypothetical population could be finite or infinite in number. It is a particularly useful concept in inferential statistics to assist in evaluating the strength of evidence in a statistical investigation. NOTE 3 The context of an investigation can dictate th
48、e nature of the population. For example, if three villages are selected for a demographic or health study, then the population consists of the residents of these particular villages. Alternatively, if the three villages were selected at random from among all of the villages in a specific region, then the population would consist of all residents of the region. 1.1 population totalit des individus pris en considration NOTE 1 Une population peut tre relle et finie, relle et infinie ou totalement hypothtique. Le terme population finie est parfois utili
