1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 4386-1:2012Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearingsPart 1: Non-destructive ultrasonic testing of bond of thickness greater than or equal to 0,5 mmBS ISO 4386-1:20
2、12 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 4386-1:2012. It supersedes BS 7585-1:1992, which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee MCE/12, Plain bearings.A list of organizations represented on this comm
3、ittee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2012. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012.ISBN 978 0 580 73561 5 ICS 21.
4、100.10 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 November 2012.Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 4386-1:2012 ISO 2012Plain bea
5、rings Metallic multilayer plain bearings Part 1: Non-destructive ultrasonic testing of bond of thickness greater than or equal to 0,5 mmPaliers lisses Paliers lisses mtalliques multicouches Partie 1: Contrle non destructif aux ultrasons des dfauts dadhrence dpaisseur suprieure ou gale 0,5 mmINTERNAT
6、IONAL STANDARDISO4386-1Third edition2012-10-15Reference numberISO 4386-1:2012(E)BS ISO 4386-1:2012ISO 4386-1:2012(E)ii ISO 2012 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any fo
7、rm or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCase postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11Fax + 41 22 749 09 47E
8、-mail copyrightiso.orgWeb www.iso.orgPublished in SwitzerlandBS ISO 4386-1:2012ISO 4386-1:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved iiiContents PageForeword iv1 Scope . 12 Normative references 13 Symbols 14 Test equipment. 14.1 Ultrasonic instrument . 14.2 Probe 24.3 Reference block 25 Preparation of tes
9、t surface 26 Testing . 26.1 General . 26.2 Testing with a back-wall echo 26.3 Testing without a back-wall echo 37 Test classes . 68 Defect groups . 69 Evaluation 79.1 General . 79.2 Marking of defective areas 89.3 Designation 8Bibliography 9BS ISO 4386-1:2012ISO 4386-1:2012(E)ForewordISO (the Intern
10、ational Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has b
11、een established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical sta
12、ndardization.International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for
13、 voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
14、such patent rights.ISO 4386-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 123, Plain bearings, Subcommittee SC 2, Materials and lubricants, their properties, characteristics, test methods and testing conditions.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 4386-1:1992), which has be
15、en technically revised.ISO 4386 consists of the following parts, under the general title Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings: Part 1: Non-destructive ultrasonic testing of bond of thickness greater than or equal to 0,5 mm Part 2: Destructive testing of bond for bearing metal layer thic
16、knesses greater than or equal to 2 mm Part 3: Non-destructive penetrant testingiv ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 4386-1:2012INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4386-1:2012(E)Plain bearings Metallic multilayer plain bearings Part 1: Non-destructive ultrasonic testing of bond of thickness greater than or e
17、qual to 0,5 mm1 ScopeThis part of ISO 4386 specifies an ultrasonic testing method for determining bond defects between the bearing metal and the backing. The test can be performed on metallic multilayer plain bearings consisting of steel- or copper-based material backings lined with bearing metal ba
18、sed on lead and tin, with layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 0,5 mm. For cast iron backings, this part of ISO 4386 is applicable with restrictions.The ultrasonic signal reflected by the bond interface between the bearing metal and the backing is used to determine bonding defects.Ultrasonic t
19、esting is not possible on edge zones of sliding surface, flange sides, joint areas, oil holes, grooves, etc. in a range of less than half the diameter of the ultrasonic probe because of undefined reflections. The same applies to bearings with dovetail keying grooves at the bond. Ultrasonic testing o
20、f bond does not apply along the edges of the dovetails.Evaluation of the bond on the visible transition from the backing to the bearing metal (on end faces or joint faces) is only practicable by the penetrant testing method specified in ISO 4386-3.This part of ISO 4386 only describes in detail the p
21、ulse-echo method. Within the meaning of this part of ISO 4386, the ultrasonic method only permits a qualitative evaluation of the bonding and not a quantitative determination of the bond strength. The ultrasonic bond test differs only between bond and bond defect.2 Normative referencesThe following
22、documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.ISO 4386-3, Plain bear
23、ings Metallic multilayer plain bearings Part 3: Non-destructive penetrant testing3 SymbolsThe following symbol is used in this part of ISO 4386.Ra Surface roughness4 Test equipment4.1 Ultrasonic instrumentPulse-echo ultrasonic instrument using rectified A-scope presentation shall be used for the tes
24、t. The instrument shall be fitted with a calibrated attenuator, reading in decibels, and adjustable time base ranges. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 4386-1:2012ISO 4386-1:2012(E)4.2 ProbeFor the standard procedure, normal beam probes shall be chosen with size and frequency in relation to the t
25、hickness of the bearing layer, backing thickness and backing material. The typical range of diameters is from 24 mm for 2 MHz to 6 mm for 10 MHz probes. For layer thickness 1 mm, testing with dual-element probes may be favourable.4.3 Reference blockThe time base range shall be adjusted, using a refe
26、rence block corresponding to the thicknesses of the bearing to be inspected.5 Preparation of test surfaceThe test surface shall have a surface roughness of Ra 5 m. After machining, remove dirt and oil using suitable cleaning agents.6 Testing6.1 GeneralTest plain bearings using either contact scannin
27、g, with light machine oil as a couplant, or using immersion scanning. Suppression and swept-gain functions shall be switched off. The preferred test is performed from the bearing metal side under consideration of the back-wall echo. Bearings with smaller diameters can be difficult to inspect by cont
28、act scanning from the bearing metal side because of limited access of the ultrasonic probe. In such a case, contact scanning from the back surface may be used.6.2 Testing with a back-wall echoGeneral preconditions are:a) free access with the probe to the contact surface;b) back-wall is always parall
29、el to the bearing metal surface;c) no hollow spaces within the backing material (drilled holes, channels, etc.).The time base range and sensitivity shall be adjusted so that at least the first back-wall echo is visible on the right-hand side of the screen at approximately 80 % of full screen height.
30、 In Figure 1, the bond echo (BE) is on the left-hand side of the screen near the input signal (IS). If in doubt about having the first back-wall echo (WE1) on the screen, use a reference block for adjustment.Bond defect is given when the back-wall echo breaks down and at the same time, the bond echo
31、 on the left-hand side of the screen increases and repeats multiple times (see Figure 1). The border of the detected defect area is on the middle of the probe diameter when the back-wall echo is reduced to its half height under the above-mentioned conditions.2 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 4386
32、-1:2012ISO 4386-1:2012(E)a) Bondb) Defective bondKeyBE bond echoIS input signalWE1first back-wall echoFigure 1 Testing with a back-wall echo6.3 Testing without a back-wall echoIf the preconditions of 6.2 are not fulfilled, testing without back-wall echo becomes necessary.Use a reference piece with g
33、ood bond between similar backing material and similar bearing metal lining as the tested bearing. Adjust the reference bond echo to 20 % of full screen height; see Figure 2. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 4386-1:2012ISO 4386-1:2012(E)Bond is given when the echo signal of the tested plain beari
34、ng is similar to the adjusted reference bond echo; see Figure 3.Defective bond is given when the bond echo on the plain bearing is significant above the reference bond height; see Figure 4.Key1 reference block2 test objectIS input signalRE reference echoFigure 2 Testing without a back-wall echo Disp
35、lay and adjustment of reference echo4 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 4386-1:2012ISO 4386-1:2012(E)Key1 reference block2 test objectIS input signalBE bond echoFigure 3 Testing without a back-wall echo Display of bond ISO 2012 All rights reserved 5BS ISO 4386-1:2012ISO 4386-1:2012(E)Key1 reference
36、 block2 test objectIS input signalBE bond echoFigure 4 Testing without a back-wall echo Display of bond defect7 Test classesThe test shall be carried out in accordance with one of the following three classes, which are of increasing severity. Class 1: complete coverage of the testable area of the ed
37、ge zones of the sliding surface at flange sides and joint areas; point-type coverage of the sliding surface. Class 2: complete coverage of the testable area of the edge zones of the sliding surface at flange sides and joint areas. In addition, complete coverage of the area of maximum loading (for ex
38、ample, in the case of a radial bearing with a bearing force acting vertically downwards, this would be in the range from 60 to 120 with respect to the sliding surface). Class 3: complete coverage of the testable area of the flange areas and sliding surface line-by-line. In order to cover all points,
39、 testing is carried out with an overlap of the lines of 20 % of the probe diameter.8 Defect groupsAs a guideline, Table 1 shows five different defect groups. The applicable defect groups shall be agreed between the customer and supplier in advance. It is recommended to define different defect groups
40、 for different regions of a bearing, depending on the kind, size and direction of the load (for example, defect group A for the high-loaded region and defect group B1 for the remaining regions of a journal bearing). Generally, defect group A should be reserved for high-loaded bearings and therefore
41、the area of maximal loading.6 ISO 2012 All rights reservedBS ISO 4386-1:2012ISO 4386-1:2012(E)Table 1 Defect groupsDefect groupMax. dimension of sin-gle defectsMax. total defectmm2Percentage of bonding areaa, %A 0 0B1 0,75bb1B2 2bb1C 2bb2D 4bb5aThe bonding area is the lined area of a journal bearing
42、 or a thrust plain bearing element.bThe width, b, in millimetres, represents in case of journal bearing, the functional cylindrical length and in the case of thrust segments or rings, the distance between the inner and outer diameter. The summary of single defects may not exceed the maximum total de
43、fect size.9 Evaluation9.1 GeneralThe tests should be carried out by operators educated for ultrasonic testing.When evaluating the test results in accordance with this part of ISO 4386, bond defects equal to or larger than half the probe diameter are normally estimated.In case of any irregularities o
44、n bond surface of a bearing backing, the relevant area shall be collected and documented in the drawing before lining with bearing metal. This avoids misinterpretation during ultrasonic testing as a bond defect.If the bond echo signal becomes diffuse and missing scanning contact can be excluded, thi
45、s indicates porosities within the bearing metal. Such areas of porosity shall be regarded as defects due to the uncertainty of evaluation of the bond.For inspection of the bearing, the following steps shall be considered.a) After local repair work by a soldering procedure, the bond test shall be rep
46、eated in the respective area.On edge zones, the visible transition from the backing to the bearing metal shall be checked in accordance with non-destructive penetrant testing specified in ISO 4386-3.b) Evaluation of defect distribution:detected bond defects on new lined bearings give additional info
47、rmation depending on its location and distribution:1) single bond defects in the flange side edge zone or in the corner between flange side - joint side: these defects are typically based on local temperature losses during the casting procedure. Usually these defects can be repaired by soldering pro
48、cedure without any quality reduction;2) single bond defects on sliding surface: if repair work by soldering can be carried out, successful sufficient bond strength is given and no quality reduction is given;3) many bond defects distributed on sliding surface: many detected bond defects distributed o
49、n the total sliding surface and growing defects during the soldering procedure are indicators for low bond strength at all. Complete renewal of bearing metal lining is recommended. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 7BS ISO 4386-1:2012ISO 4386-1:2012(E)9.2 Marking of defective areasIf possible, defective areas should be indicated by straight boundary lines. The location of the centre of the probe is decisive for determining the transition line between bond and no bond.Isolated point-type defects shall be m
