1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 7098:2015Information anddocumentation Romanization of ChineseBS ISO 7098:2015 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 7098:2015.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee IDT/2, Informatio
2、n and documentation.A list of organizations represented on this committee can beobtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessaryprovisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correctapplication. The British Standards Institution 2015.Publis
3、hed by BSI Standards Limited 2015ISBN 978 0 580 79721 7ICS 01.140.10Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity fromlegal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of theStandards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2015.Amendments/corrigenda issued s
4、ince publicationDate T e x t a f f e c t e dBS ISO 7098:2015 ISO 2015Information and documentation Romanization of ChineseInformation et documentation Romanisation du chinoisINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO7098Third edition2015-12-15Reference numberISO 7098:2015(E)BS ISO 7098:2015ISO 7098:2015(E)ii ISO 201
5、5 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the in
6、ternet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47cop
7、yrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 7098:2015ISO 7098:2015(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Terms and definitions . 13 General principles of conversion of writing systems . 24 Principles for converting ideophonographic characters 35 Pinyin 46 Syllabic forms . 47 Tones . 58 Punctuation 79 Numerals
8、. 710 Chinese Pinyin Orthography 711 Transcription rules for named entities 812 Automatic transcription for named entities .1212.1 Fully automatic syllable transcription . 1212.2 Rule-based and semi-automatic word transcription 12Annex A (normative) Table of Chinese syllable forms 14Annex B (normati
9、ve) Table of hexadecimal codes of Chinese vowels with tones .16Annex C (normative) Ambiguity index for Chinese syllables .17Bibliography .18 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 7098:2015ISO 7098:2015(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide fe
10、deration of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that com
11、mittee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document a
12、nd those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Pa
13、rt 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of
14、the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific t
15、erms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 46, Information and docum
16、entation.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 7098:1991), which has been technically revised.Annexes A, B and C form the integral parts of this International Standard.iv ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 7098:2015ISO 7098:2015(E)IntroductionThe first edition of ISO 7098 w
17、as published in 1982 after ISO/TC 46 recognized the need for an International Standard specifying the Chinese phonetic alphabet. The second edition was published in 1991.This third edition is in response to new application needs, for instance to reflect current Chinese romanization practice and new
18、developments in China and the rest of the world. ISO 2015 All rights reserved vBS ISO 7098:2015BS ISO 7098:2015Information and documentation Romanization of Chinese1 ScopeThis International Standard explains the principles of the Romanization of Modern Chinese Putonghua (Mandarin Chinese), the offic
19、ial language of the Peoples Republic of China as defined in the Directives for the Promotion of Putonghua, promulgated on 1956-02-06 by the State Council of China. This International Standard can be applied in documentation of bibliographies, catalogues, indices, toponymic lists, etc.2 Terms and def
20、initionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.2.1characterelement of a writing system, whether or not alphabetical, that represents a phoneme, a syllable, a word or even prosodic characteristics of the language, by using graphical symbols (letters, diacritical
21、marks, syllabic signs, punctuation marks, prosodic accents, etc.) or a combination of these signs (a letter having an accent or a diacritical mark)EXAMPLE a, B, or are, therefore, characters as well as basic letters.2.2alphabetsordered character set, the order of which has been agreed upon2.3alphabe
22、tical characterscharacter set that contains letters (2.8)2.4alphanumeric characterscharacter set that contains both letters (2.8) and digits2.5graphic charactercharacter that has a visual representation and is normally produced by writing, printing or displaying2.6ideophonographical charactergraphic
23、 character (2.6) that represents an object or a concept and is associated with a sound element in a natural languageEXAMPLE Chinese hanzi 鹤 (crane), Japanese kanji 戦 (war) and Korean hanja 册 (book) are ideophonographical characters.2.7Chinese charactersideophonographical character set for recording
24、the Chinese languageNote 1 to entry: Chinese characters (hanzi) are also used in the writing systems of other languages.2.8lettergraphic character (2.6) that, when appearing alone or combined with others, is primarily used to represent a sound element of a spoken languageINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7
25、098:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 7098:2015ISO 7098:2015(E)2.9word segmentationprocess of splitting text into a sequence of word segmentation unitSOURCE: ISO 24614-1:2010, 2.253 General principles of conversion of writing systems3.1 The words in a language, which are written according
26、 to a given script (the converted system), sometimes have to be rendered according to a different system (the conversion system), normally used for a different language.This operation is often performed for historical or geographical texts, cartographical documents and, in particular, for bibliograp
27、hical work in every case where it is necessary to write words supplied in various alphabets in a manner that allows intercalation with other words in a single alphabet so as to enable a uniform alphabetization to be made in bibliographies, catalogues, indices, toponymic lists, etc. It is indispensab
28、le in that it permits the univocal transmission of a written message between two countries using different writing systems or exchanging a message, the writing of which is different from their own. It, thereby, permits transmission by manual as well as mechanical or electronic means.The two basic me
29、thods of conversion of a system of writing are transliteration and transcription.3.2 Transliteration is the operation which consists of representing the characters of an entirely alphabetical character or alphanumeric character system of writing by the characters of the conversion alphabet.In princi
30、ple, this conversion should be made character by character: each character of the converted alphabet is rendered by one character, and one only of the conversion alphabet, to ensure the complete and unambiguous reversibility of the conversion alphabet into the converted alphabet.When the number of c
31、haracters used in the conversion system is smaller than the number of characters of the converted system, it is necessary to use digraphs or diacritical marks. In this case, one shall avoid as far as possible arbitrary choices and the use of purely conventional marks and try to maintain a certain ph
32、onetic logic in order to give the system a wide acceptance.However, it shall be accepted that the graphism obtained may not always be correctly pronounced according to the phonetic habits of the language (or of all the languages) which usually use(s) the conversion alphabet. On the other hand, this
33、graphism shall be such that the reader who knows the converted language may mentally restore unequivocally the original graphism and, thus, pronounce it correctly.3.3 Retransliteration is the operation which consists of converting the characters of a conversion alphabet to those of the converted alp
34、habet.This operation is the exact opposite of transliteration; it is carried out by applying the rules of a system of transliteration in reverse order so as to reconstitute the transliterated word to its original form.3.4 Transcription is the operation which consists of representing the characters o
35、f a language, whatever the original system of writing, by the phonetic system of letters or signs of the conversion language.A transcription system is of necessity based on the orthographical conventions of a conversion language and its alphabet. The users of a transcription system shall, therefore,
36、 have a knowledge of the conversion language to be able to pronounce the characters correctly. Transcription is not strictly reversible.Transcription may be used for the conversion of all writing systems. It is the only method that can be used for systems that are not entirely alphabetical and for a
37、ll ideophonographic writing systems (Chinese, Japanese, etc.).2 ISO 2015 All rights reservedBS ISO 7098:2015ISO 7098:2015(E)3.5 Romanization is the conversion of non-Latin writing systems to the Latin alphabet by means of transliteration or transcription.To carry out Romanization, it is possible to
38、use either transliteration or transcription or a combination of these two methods, according to the nature of the converted system.3.6 A conversion system proposed for international use may call for compromise and the sacrifice of certain national customs.It is, therefore, necessary for each nationa
39、l community of users to accept concessions, fully abstaining in every case from imposing as a matter of course solutions that are actually justified only by national practice (for example, regarding pronunciation, orthography, etc.). However, these concessions would obviously not relate to the use t
40、hat a country makes of its national writing system: when this national system is not converted, the characters constituting it shall be accepted in the form in which they are written in the national language.When a country uses two systems univocally, converting one into the other to write its own l
41、anguage, the system of transliteration thus implemented shall be taken a priori as a basis for the international standardized system, as far as it is compatible with the other principles mentioned hereafter.3.7 Where necessary, the conversion systems should specify an equivalent for each character,
42、not only the letters but also the punctuation marks, numbers, etc.They should similarly take into account the arrangement of the sequence of characters that make up the text, for example, the direction of the script, and specify the way of distinguishing words and of using separation signs and capit
43、al letters, following as closely as possible the customs of the language(s) which use the converted writing system.4 Principles for converting ideophonographic characters4.1 The structure of ideophonographic characters, where conveyance of meaning is of greater importance than that of pronunciation,
44、 entails the existence of a large number of characters (more than 60 000 in the case of Chinese), thus, making sign by sign transliteration impossible and resulting in the need to devise a system of transcription.Each character shall, therefore, be transcribed by one or more Latin letters standing f
45、or the pronunciation or pronunciations of the character in question. This means that the transcriber shall be familiar with the reading or readings of the text to be transcribed.4.2 In as much as the transcription of ideophonographic characters is merely a matter of phonetic notation in Latin letter
46、s of characters of the languages which use them, identical characters will require different transcriptions depending on whether they are found in Chinese, Japanese or Korean texts.4.3 On the other hand, the same character within the same language shall always be transcribed in the same way regardle
47、ss of the type of graphic representation utilized (traditional form or simplified form of a Chinese character), except where a single character has more than one pronunciation.4.4 Reversibility of Romanization systems of ideophonographic characters is impossible due to the following factors: the dis
48、parity in pronunciation of a given character in two different languages or within a single language; the high frequency of homophones within the same language (see Annex C); the possible coexistence of several writing systems within a given text. ISO 2015 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 7098:2015ISO 709
49、8:2015(E)4.5 In the case of those languages which use, even within the same text, more than one kind of script (for example Kana and Chinese characters in Japanese, Hangul and Chinese characters in Korean), both the transcription of the ideophonographic characters and the conversion of the other types of characters (for example Kana/Hangul) should yield a consistent and homogeneous system of Romanization.4.6 Although, as a rule, spacing between syllables of Chinese is regular, it is usual to transcribe the different characters (or syllables) for
