1、BSI Standards PublicationBS ISO 7404-1:2016Methods for the petrographicanalysis of coalsPart 1: VocabularyBS ISO 7404-1:2016 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 7404-1:2016.It supersedes BS 6127-1:1995 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its
2、preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PTI/16, Solid mineral fuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correc
3、t application. The British Standards Institution 2016.Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016ISBN 978 0 580 88384 2 ICS 01.040.73; 73.040 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy a
4、nd Strategy Committee on 30 April 2016.Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate Text affectedBS ISO 7404-1:2016 ISO 2016Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals Part 1: VocabularyMthodes danalyse ptrographique des charbons Partie 1: VocabulaireINTERNATIONAL STANDARDISO7404-1Third edi
5、tion2016-04-01Reference numberISO 7404-1:2016(E)BS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reservedCOPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in SwitzerlandAll rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in an
6、y form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCh. de Bland
7、onnet 8 CP 401CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, SwitzerlandTel. +41 22 749 01 11Fax +41 22 749 09 47copyrightiso.orgwww.iso.orgBS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E)Foreword ivIntroduction v1 Scope . 12 Terms and definitions . 12.1 General terms . 12.2 Optical microscopy terms 22.3 Petrographic terms 33 Classi
8、fication of macerals, microlithotypes and carbominerites 43.1 Macerals 43.2 Microlithotypes 43.3 Carbominerites . 5Bibliography 6 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iiiContents PageBS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E)ForewordISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federatio
9、n of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
10、 International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and thos
11、e intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (s
12、ee www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the docu
13、ment will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement.For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and
14、expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary informationThe committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels, Subcommit
15、tee SC 5, Methods of analysis.This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 7404-1:1994), which has been technically revised.ISO 7404 consists of the following parts, under the general title Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals: Part 1: Vocabulary Part 2: Method of prepar
16、ing coal samples Part 3: Method of determining maceral group composition Part 4: Method of determining microlithotype, carbominerite and minerite composition Part 5: Method of determining microscopically the reflectance of vitriniteiv ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E)I
17、ntroductionPetrographic analyses have been recognized internationally as important in the context of the genesis, vertical and lateral variation, continuity, metamorphism and usage of coal. The International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP) has made recommendations concerning nomencla
18、ture and analytical methods and has described in detail the characteristics of a wide range of coals345. The text of this part of ISO 7404 agrees substantially with the text of the relevant ICCP publications and incorporates many useful comments made by members of the ICCP and by member bodies of IS
19、O/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels.Petrographic analyses of a single coal provide information about the rank, the maceral and microlithotype compositions and the distribution of minerals in the coal. The reflectance of vitrinite is a useful measure of coal rank and the distribution of the reflectance of v
20、itrinite in a coal blend, together with a maceral group analysis, can provide information about important chemical and technological properties of the blend.ISO 7404 is concerned with the methods of petrographic analysis currently employed in characterizing coal in the context of its technological a
21、nd/or geological use. It establishes a system for petrographic analysis and comprises five parts, as follows: Part 1: Vocabulary; Part 2: Method of preparing coal samples; Part 3: Method of determining maceral group composition; Part 4: Method of determining microlithotype, carbominerite and minerit
22、e composition; Part 5: Method of determining microscopically the reflectance of vitrinite.The definitions given are intended for use solely in connection with the generally accepted international methods of petrographic analysis of coal described in the other parts of ISO 7404.The petrographic terms
23、 listed herein are those used by the ICCP and ISO. They do not include terms such as, for example, pseudovitrinite, semi-vitrinite and semi-inertinite which refer to types of maceral with particular properties, but which are sometimes difficult to define. Such terms may be considered important for s
24、pecific applications, but their wider use is not recommended. ISO 2016 All rights reserved vBS ISO 7404-1:2016BS ISO 7404-1:2016Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals Part 1: Vocabulary1 ScopeThis part of ISO 7404 defines terms that are used in connection with both maceral and microlithotype
25、 analyses, and with the determination of the reflectance of vitrinite. It applies to the terms used in the examination of coal of all ranks.This part of ISO 7404 is not intended to be a comprehensive glossary of coal petrographic terminology, nor does it attempt to provide sufficient information to
26、allow recognition of all the coal components described. Further information may be obtained from the relevant ICCP publications345.2 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.2.1 General terms2.1.1coalcombustible sedimentary rock formed from bi
27、o- and geochemically altered plant remains (peat) consolidated under superimposed strataNote 1 to entry: The characteristics of different coals are due to differences in source plant material, in the conditions and the degree of change that the material has undergone in its geological history and in
28、 the range of impurities present. Coal composition can be characterized microscopically by maceral and microlithotype compositions.2.1.2coalificationprocess by which sedimented plant remains are transformed into coal (2.1.1)Note 1 to entry: This process is characterized by an increase in the carbon
29、content in the plant remains and a decrease in the yield of volatile matter from the plant remains. As coalification proceeds, the reflectances (2.2.1) of the macerals (2.3.1) increase. Vitrinite is used as a reference material for the determination of the rank (2.1.3) of coal because its reflectanc
30、e increases uniformly with the extent of coalification.2.1.3rankposition of a coal (2.1.1) in the coalification (2.1.2) series from low rank coal (2.1.4) to high rank coal (2.1.6), indicating maturity in terms of chemical and physical properties2.1.4low rank coalcoals (2.1.1) of low rank that, in th
31、eir natural state, are characterized by high inherent moisture content, high volatile matter content, low calorific value and a low vitrinite reflectanceNote 1 to entry: Low rank coals were formerly often referred to as lignite (now low rank A and B) and subbituminous coal (now low rank C). Regional
32、ly, also terms like brown coal were used for coals with a vitrinite reflectance below 0,5 % Rr.Note 2 to entry: They are non-agglommerating.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7404-1:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1BS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E)Note 3 to entry: See ISO 11760.2.1.5medium rank coal
33、general descriptive term for coal (2.1.1) between high rank coal (2.1.6) and low rank coal (2.1.4)Note 1 to entry: The vitrinites in all coals of medium rank melt and form semi-coke when coal is heated in the absence of oxygen above 360 C to 380 C. Medium rank coals were formerly referred to as bitu
34、minous coals. Their vitrinte reflectance, Rr%, lies between 0,5 % and 2 %.Note 2 to entry: See ISO 11760.2.1.6high rank coalcoal (2.1.1) of high rank, with a low volatile matter content and a semi-metallic lustre, and which does not soften or swell when heatedNote 1 to entry: High rank coals were fo
35、rmerly referred to as anthracites. Their vitrinte reflectance, Rr%, lies between 2 % and 6 %1.2.2 Optical microscopy terms2.2.1reflectancepercentage of the near-normal incident light reflected from a polished surface of a coal maceralNote 1 to entry: For the purpose of this part of ISO 7404, reflect
36、ance refers to measurements made on coal under oil immersion.2.2.2maximum reflectancehighest value of reflectance (2.2.1) obtained when any polished section of a particle or lump of coal (2.1.1) is rotated in its own plane in linearly polarized light2.2.3random reflectancereflectance (2.2.1) of any
37、polished section of a particle or a lump of coal (2.1.1) when determined in non-polarized light without rotation of the specimenNote 1 to entry: The term “random reflectance” has replaced the old terms “mean reflectance” and “average reflectance” to avoid confusion, mainly with the use of ”mean” for
38、 data presenting the mean of the required number of reflectance readings as in, for example, ”mean random reflectance”.2.2.4parasitic reflectionpercentage of the incident light reaching the measuring device from lens boundary faces and other reflecting surfaces in the microscope2.2.5reflectance stan
39、dardpolished surface of an isotropic material of known reflectance (2.2.1) which is used for calibrating reflectance measuring equipment2.2.6zero standardnon-reflecting standard used for calibrating reflectance-measuring equipment2 ISO 2016 All rights reservedBS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E)2.2.
40、7particulate blocksolid block consisting of particles of crushed coal (2.1.1) representative of the sample when prepared accordingly, bound in resin, cast in a mould and with one face ground and polishedNote 1 to entry: See Reference 4.2.2.8lump sectionpiece of coal (2.1.1) of size suitable for poli
41、shing and examination under the microscopeNote 1 to entry: One face of the lump section, usually that perpendicular to the bedding plane, is ground and polished.2.2.9pointarea overlain by the intersection of the cross hair in the eyepiece graticule or on the computer monitor during microscopical ana
42、lysis2.3 Petrographic terms2.3.1maceralmicroscopically recognizable organic constituent of coal (2.1.1) analogous to the minerals of inorganic rocks, but differing from them in that macerals have no characteristic crystal form and are not constant in chemical compositionNote 1 to entry: The macerals
43、 are distinguished from one another microscopically on the basis of their differences in such properties as reflectance (2.2.1), colour, fluorescence, morphology, size and hardness. They originate from the remains of different tissues of plants and their physical and chemical properties change as co
44、alification (2.1.2) proceeds. Macerals are grouped into maceral groups and sub-groups and can be further differentiated into maceral varieties (see Table 3).2.3.2microlithotypenaturally occurring maceral (2.3.1) or association of macerals with a minimum layer width of 50 mNote 1 to entry: See also 3
45、.2.2.3.3minerals in coalnatural inorganic constituents visible during microscopical examinationNote 1 to entry: Minerals are determined on a volume basis as part of a maceral analysis.2.3.4mineral matter in coalinorganic material, except moistureNote 1 to entry: Mineral matter is calculated on a mas
46、s basis either from a direct determination at low temperature or from the ash yield at high temperature.2.3.5carbomineritecollective term for intergrowths of minerals and macerals (2.3.1)Note 1 to entry: See also 3.3.2.3.6mineritecollective term for intergrowths of minerals with macerals (2.3.1) in
47、which the proportion of minerals is more than 60 % by volume, or in which more than 20 % by volume of sulfide minerals is present ISO 2016 All rights reserved 3BS ISO 7404-1:2016ISO 7404-1:2016(E)3 Classification of macerals, microlithotypes and carbominerites3.1 MaceralsThree maceral groups are rec
48、ognized: vitrinite (and its low rank equivalent huminite), liptinite and inertinite. Maceral groups and their sub-divisions are shown in Table 1.Table 1 Macerals as defined in the ICCP 1994 SystemMaceral group Maceral sub-group Maceral Maceral varietyVitrinite/ huminiteTelovitrinite/ telohuminiteTel
49、inite Tex tiniteCollotelinite UlminiteDetrovitrinite/ detrohuminiteVitrodetrinite AttriniteCollodetrinite DensiniteGelovitrinite/ gelohuminiteCorpogelinite CorpohuminiteGelinite GeliniteInertinite Not sub-groups sensu stricto:(with plant cell structure)Fusinite Semifusinite Funginite(lacking plant cell structure) Secretinite Macrinite Micrinite(fragmented inertinite) InertodetriniteLiptinite Cutinite Suberinite SporiniteResiniteExsudatinite ChlorophylliniteAlginite TelalginiteLamalginiteLiptodetriniteBituminiteNOTE 1 Huminite
