1、BS ISO7404-3:2009ICS 73.040NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDMethods for thepetrographic analysisof coalsPart 3: Method of determining maceralgroup compositionThis British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strat
2、egy Committee on 30 November 2009. BSI 2009ISBN 978 0 580 56503 8Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS ISO 7404-3:2009National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 7404-3:2009. Itsupersedes BS 6127-3:1995 which is withdrawn.The UK participation in its
3、 preparation was entrusted to TechnicalCommittee PTI/16, Solid mineral fuels.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
4、application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.BS ISO 7404-3:2009Reference numberISO 7404-3:2009(E)ISO 2009INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO7404-3Third edition2009-10-01Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals Part 3: Method of determining maceral group c
5、omposition Mthodes danalyse ptrographique des charbons Partie 3: Dtermination de la composition en groupes de macraux BS ISO 7404-3:2009ISO 7404-3:2009(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but s
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10、 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2009 All rights reservedBS ISO 7404-3:2009ISO 7404-3:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v 1 Scope1 2 Normative references1 3 Terms and definitions .1 4 Principle .1 5 Reagents a
11、nd materials 1 6 Apparatus.2 7 Preparation of coal sample 2 8 Procedure.2 9 Expression of results3 10 Precision 4 11 Test report5 Annex A (informative) Sub-division of maceral groups6 Bibliography7 BS ISO 7404-3:2009ISO 7404-3:2009(E) iv ISO 2009 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Or
12、ganization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been establ
13、ished has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardizati
14、on. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
15、 Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such pa
16、tent rights. ISO 7404-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels. This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 7404-3:1994), which has been technically revised. ISO 7404 consists of the following parts, under the general title Methods for the petrographic
17、 analysis of coals: Part 1: Vocabulary1) Part 2: Methods of preparing coal samples Part 3: Method of determining maceral group composition Part 4: Method of determining microlithotype, carbominerite and minerite composition1) Part 5: Method of determining microscopically the reflectance of vitrinite
18、 1) Parts 1 and 4 of this International Standard will be available under the original title, Methods for the petrographic analysis of bituminous coal and anthracite, until the revisions of these documents have reached the stage at which they are publicly available. BS ISO 7404-3:2009ISO 7404-3:2009(
19、E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved vIntroduction Petrographic analyses have been recognized internationally as important in the context of the genesis, vertical and lateral variation, continuity, metamorphism and usage of coal. The International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP) has made
20、recommendations concerning nomenclature and analytical methods and has published an extensive handbook, describing the characteristics of a wide range of coals. The ICCP also runs an accreditation program for maceral group analysis. The text of this part of ISO 7404 agrees with text of the handbook
21、and incorporates many useful comments made by members of the ICCP and by member bodies of ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels. ISO 11760, Classification of coals, uses the maceral group composition as one of three parameters to classify coal; the other parameters are vitrinite reflectance and ash yield,
22、respectively, for rank and grade. Petrographic analyses of a single coal provide information about the rank, the maceral and microlithotype compositions and the distribution of minerals in the coal. The reflectance of vitrinite (or huminite) is a useful measure of coal rank and the distribution of t
23、he reflectance of vitrinite (or huminite) in a coal blend, together with a maceral group analysis, can provide information about some important chemical and technological properties of the blend. ISO 7404 (all parts) is concerned with the methods of petrographic analysis currently employed in charac
24、terizing coal in the context of its technological use. It establishes a system for petrographic analysis. For information on the nomenclature and analysis of brown coals and lignites, reference should be made to the International Handbook of Coal Petrography published by ICCP. Macerals are microscop
25、ically recognizable organic constituents of coal, and can be grouped together into three maceral groups: vitrinite (or huminite in lower rank coal), liptinite and inertinite. Maceral groups and their subdivisions are listed in Annex A and described in detail in ISO 7404-1. The properties of a given
26、coal are determined by the proportions and associations of the macerals and minerals present and by the rank of the coal. The method of determining maceral group composition described in this part of ISO 7404 applies to determinations made in reflected white light; the additional use of fluorescence
27、 microscopy is recommended when analysing lower rank coals. In addition to the macerals, it is possible to identify certain minerals in coal; these can either be determined as separate categories or be ignored. As some of the minerals cannot be satisfactorily determined under the microscope, an esti
28、mate of the total mineral matter content can be obtained from the ash. Annex A of this part of ISO 7404 is for information only. BS ISO 7404-3:2009BS ISO 7404-3:2009INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 7404-3:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 1Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals Part 3: Method o
29、f determining maceral group composition 1 Scope This part of ISO 7404 specifies a method for determining the proportions of the maceral groups (and the minerals, if desired) in coals. It is concerned only with determinations made on polished particulate blocks using incident white light. For lower-r
30、ank coals, the additional use of the fluorescence mode is necessary to identify liptinites. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest editi
31、on of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 7404-1, Methods for the petrographic analysis of bituminous coal and anthracite Part 1: Vocabulary ISO 7404-2, Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals Part 2: Method of preparing coal samples ISO 11760, Classification of co
32、als 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 7404-1 apply. 4 Principle A representative sample of coal is used to prepare a particulate block as described in ISO 7404-2. This is examined using a reflected light microscope and the macerals are
33、identified under an immersion medium by their relative reflectance, colour, size and morphology. Their proportions are determined by a point-count procedure. 5 Reagents and materials 5.1 Immersion medium, having a suitable refractive index and compatible with the microscope objective. It is necessar
34、y that the oil not react with either the coal or binder. It is recommenced that an oil with a refractive index of 1,518 0 as described in ISO 7404-5 be used, especially if the reflectance of the macerals is being measured. BS ISO 7404-3:2009ISO 7404-3:2009(E) 2 ISO 2009 All rights reserved6 Apparatu
35、s 6.1 Reflected light microscope, having an immersion objective of magnification between 25x and 60x and an eyepiece of magnification between 8x and 12x, to ensure a minimum total magnification of 300x. The eyepiece incorporates a fine crosshairs graticule. 6.2 Mechanical stage, capable of advancing
36、 the specimen laterally by equal steps of such length that only a negligibly small proportion of the particles examined receives more than one count on the same particle. The stage also permits a similar stepped advance in the perpendicular direction. The lateral movement is actuated preferably by t
37、he counter mechanism, whereas the perpendicular movement can be satisfactorily performed manually. 6.3 Counter, capable of registering the counts in each category and preferably the grand total of petrographic components. 6.4 Sample mounting equipment, comprised of slides, modelling clay and a level
38、ling device. 7 Preparation of coal sample Prepare and polish a particulate block in accordance with ISO 7404-2. 8 Procedure Adjust the microscope (6.1) for Khler illumination. Set up the levelled particulate block on the stage, place the immersion medium (5.1) on the surface of the block, focus and
39、observe the image in the microscope. Identify the material lying under the intersection of the crosshairs and carry out the point count procedure as follows. Crosshairs on Action: vitrinite, inertinite, liptinite, etc.: Operate the counter for appropriate maceral or maceral group. mounting medium: I
40、gnore the point. boundary between macerals orbetween macerals and mountingmedium: Examine in turn the material lying immediately adjacent tocrosshairs intersection in the top right, bottom right, bottom leftand top left quadrants. Take the first of these that does not havea boundary in it, and opera
41、te the counter for this material; seeFigure 1. empty pore in a maceral void: Ignore the point. Advance the block by one step in the left-to-right direction and continue counting and traversing the specimen. At the end of a traverse, advance the block by a step of at least equal length in the perpend
42、icular direction to start the next parallel traverse. Choose the step length to ensure a uniform counting of points over the surface of the block. Count a total of at least 500 points, excluding minerals. BS ISO 7404-3:2009ISO 7404-3:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 31ABCDaABCD12aABCD13aABCD123a
43、Key 1 vitrinite 2 inertinite 3 liptinite aWidth of crosshairs exaggerated for clarity. Figure 1 Normal and boundary cases between macerals or between maceral and mounting medium 9 Expression of results 9.1 Maceral groups Calculate the percentage volume fraction of each component vitrinite, VV; lipti
44、nite, VL, or inertinite, VI, which is equal to the percentage number of points counted on it, expressing the results either to the nearest integer or to one decimal place. The form of the results depends on the procedure adopted with regard to minerals (see the last three paragraph) and is expressed
45、 as given in Equation (1) if the minerals are ignored, as given in Equation (2) if the percentage volume fraction of the minerals, VM, is determined from counting, and as given in Equation (3) if the volume percentage of the minerals, VM, is calculated: VV+ VL+ VI= 100 (1) VV+ VL+ VI+ VM= 100 (2) VV
46、+ VL+ VI+ VM= 100 (3) For Equation (3), the minerals are ignored in the point count but the volume percentage of mineral matter is calculated from a determination of the ash content by means of an accepted empirical relationship. The procedure adopted and the number of points counted shall be indica
47、ted in the test report. BS ISO 7404-3:2009ISO 7404-3:2009(E) 4 ISO 2009 All rights reservedNOTE Equations (4) and (5) show examples of the calculation of the percentage volume fraction, VM, of the mineral matter: MA0,61 0,21Vw= (4) MMM2,07 - 0,011wVw= (5) where wAis the ash yield content, expressed
48、as a percentage mass fraction on an air-dried basis (adb); wMis the mineral matter content, expressed as a percentage mass fraction as given by Equation (6): S1,08 0,55mAWww=+ (6) where wSis the sulfur content, expressed as a percentage mass fraction on an air-dried basis (adb). Equation (5) is base
49、d on assumed relative densities of 1,35 and 2,8 for the macerals and mineral matter, respectively. These equations have been found satisfactory in certain coal basins but might not necessarily apply globally. It is essential for the user to establish suitable equations for the coals being analysed. 9.2 Individual macerals The procedure is the same as for maceral groups, but expanded to include identification and counting of the significant individual macerals belonging to the groups. 10 Precision 10.1 Repeatability limit Th
