1、BS ISO9276-6:2008ICS 19.120NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBRITISH STANDARDRepresentation ofresults of particle sizeanalysisPart 6: Descriptive and quantitativerepresentation of particle shape andmorphologyThis British Standardwas published underthe authority of
2、 theStandards Policy andStrategy Committee on 31 BSI 2008ISBN 978 0 580 57387 3Amendments/corrigenda issued since publicationDate CommentsBS ISO 9276-6:2008National forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 9276-6:2008.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Tech
3、nicalCommittee LBI/37, Particle characterization including sieving.A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained onrequest to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisionsof a contract. Users are responsible for its correct applicatio
4、n.Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.October 2008BS ISO 9276-6:2008Reference numberISO 9276-6:2008(E)ISO 2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO9276-6First edition2008-09-15Representation of results of particle size analysis Part 6: Descriptive and quantitative re
5、presentation of particle shape and morphology Reprsentation de donnes obtenues par analyse granulomtrique Partie 6: Description et reprsentation quantitative de la forme et de la morphologie des particules BS ISO 9276-6:2008ISO 9276-6:2008(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefac
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7、ng Adobes licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimiz
8、ed for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2008 All rights reserved. Unle
9、ss otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO c
10、opyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2008 All rights reservedBS ISO 9276-6:2008ISO 9276-6:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction.v
11、 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references1 3 Symbols and abbreviated terms 2 4 Criteria for the evaluation of shape description methods 3 5 Classification of methods and descriptors.4 5.1 General classification .4 5.2 Levels of shape4 5.3 Principles for deriving shape descriptors 6 6 Errors which can occur
12、in the analysis of a single image 7 6.1 Generation of shape descriptors .7 6.2 Image resolution7 6.3 Binarization 8 6.4 Algorithms for calculating shape descriptors8 7 Size parameters for normalization of shape descriptors 9 8 Shape descriptors .10 8.1 Macroshape descriptors .10 8.2 Mesoshape descri
13、ptors 12 8.3 Combination of shape descriptors 13 8.4 Roughness descriptor 14 Annex A (normative) Some computation equations .15 Annex B (informative) Examples of methods of presentation of shape and size distribution data.16 Bibliography22 BS ISO 9276-6:2008ISO 9276-6:2008(E) iv ISO 2008 All rights
14、reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for w
15、hich a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
16、 matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are c
17、irculated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held resp
18、onsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 9276-6 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 24, Particle characterization including sieving, Subcommittee SC 4, Sizing by methods other than sieving. ISO 9276 consists of the following parts, under the general title Representation of r
19、esults of particle size analysis: Part 1: Graphical representation Part 2: Calculation of average particle sizes/diameters and moments from particle size distributions Part 3: Adjustment of an experimental curve to a reference model Part 4: Characterization of a classification process Part 5: Method
20、s of calculation relating to particle size analyses using logarithmic normal probability distribution Part 6: Descriptive and quantitative representation of particle shape and morphology BS ISO 9276-6:2008ISO 9276-6:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved vIntroduction A variety of different methods fo
21、r the descriptive and quantitative representation of particle shape and morphology are known. Even for the term particle size, there is no single definition. Different methods of size analysis are based on the measurement of different physical properties. In ISO 9276-1, the particle size is defined
22、as the diameter of a sphere having the same physical property. This is known as the equivalent spherical diameter. So-called property functions help to correlate it with the property of primary interest, which may, for instance, be flowability, taste or dissolution time. Broad application of sizing
23、methods in particle characterization shows that particle size is often an important factor. But particle size alone is not sufficient to allow particle phenomena such as powder flow, mixing, abrasion or biological response to be understood. Particle shape and morphology play an important role in par
24、ticle systems and therefore it is also necessary to characterize and describe these characteristics quantitatively. Including additional shape parameters in property functions is supposed to give a better correlation with the particular property of the particle system. For instance, knowledge of the
25、 size of grinding particles and of the sharpness of their edges will make it possible not only to distinguish between fresh and used grinding particles but also to predict their abrasive effect quantitatively by means of a property function. ISO 13322-1 and ISO 13322-2 give guidance on the measureme
26、nt, description and validation methodologies used when determining particle sizes by static and dynamic image analysis, respectively. Broad industrial use of image analysis techniques requires standardized methods of measurement for the characterization of the size, geometrical shape and morphology
27、of particles. A particles shape is the envelope formed by all the points on the surface of the particle. Particle morphology represents the extension of a simple shape description of this kind to more complex descriptions including characteristics such as porosity, roughness and texture. Various glo
28、ssaries of terms giving descriptions, in words, of particle shape and morphology already exist (see Clause 5). These descriptions may be useful for the classification or identification of particles but, at the moment, there is insufficient consensus on the definition of particle shape and morphology
29、 in the quantitative terms necessary for them to be implemented in software routines. A future revision of this part of ISO 9276 may cover this. BS ISO 9276-6:2008BS ISO 9276-6:2008INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9276-6:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 1Representation of results of particle size anal
30、ysis Part 6: Descriptive and quantitative representation of particle shape and morphology IMPORTANT The electronic file of this document contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of the document. Users should therefore consider printing this document using a co
31、lour printer. 1 Scope This part of ISO 9276 specifies rules and nomenclature for the description and quantitative representation of particle shape and morphology. To achieve a more comprehensive description of a particle or particle system, particle size information can be used together with other i
32、nformation but, in most cases, the particle size information cannot be replaced. The averaging of shape over all particles in a sample has been shown to be an ineffective approach. Distributions of other particle characteristics are required in addition to particle size distributions (see ISO 9276-1
33、). The relevance, to technological applications, of any method of representing particle shape is the deciding factor in its use. Therefore this part of ISO 9276 is restricted to methods which can be correlated with physical properties in industrial applications. The aim of particle analysis is to de
34、termine the most appropriate characterization method for a particular application. This implies a profound understanding of the relationship between particle characteristics and macroscopic product and process properties (or at least a database of broad empirical data). Problems of shape and morphol
35、ogy would normally be three-dimensional problems, but most definitions in this part of ISO 9276 are in fact given for two dimensions because of the widespread use of image analysis methods. With the help of the evaluation criteria given in Clause 4, a minimum set of shape descriptors is derived in C
36、lause 8 from the various descriptors and methods in Clause 5, enabling a direct comparison of different shape analysis equipment or methods to be made within the limits discussed in Clause 6. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this docu
37、ment. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 9276-1:1998, Representation of results of particle size analysis Part 1: Graphical representation (and its Technical Corrigendum I
38、SO 9276-1:1998/Cor.1:2004) ISO 13322-1:2004, Particle size analysis Image analysis methods Part 1: Static image analysis methods BS ISO 9276-6:2008ISO 9276-6:2008(E) 2 ISO 2008 All rights reserved3 Symbols and abbreviated terms For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in ISO 13322-1 and
39、ISO 9276-1 and the following apply. In ISO 9276-1, the symbol x is used to denote the particle size or the diameter of a sphere. However, it is recognized that the symbol d is also widely used to designate these values. Therefore, in this part of ISO 9276, the symbol x may be replaced by d wherever
40、it appears. Symbols for the particle size other than x or d shall not be used. A projection area AboxFeret box area Acarea of the convex hull (envelope) bounding the particle b intercept on graph for fractal dimension C circularity CI global surface concavity index DFfractal dimension dcmindiameter
41、of the minimum circumscribed circle dimaxdiameter of the maximum inscribed circle dLspacing of a series of parallel lines for use in the Cauchy-Crofton formula (see Clause A.1) E thickness Inumber of intercepts for use in the Cauchy-Crofton formula (see Clause A.1) LGgeodesic length N number P lengt
42、h of perimeter PClength of the perimeter of the convex hull (envelope) bounding the particle Rn roundness S surface area V volume xAarea-equivalent diameter of particle xEthickness of a very long particle xFmaxmaximum Feret diameter xFminminimum Feret diameter xLFFeret diameter perpendicular to the
43、minimum Feret diameter, normally known as “length” xLGgeodesic length of a very long particle BS ISO 9276-6:2008ISO 9276-6:2008(E) ISO 2008 All rights reserved 3xLmaxlength of major axis of Lengendre ellipse of inertia xLminlength of minor axis of Lengendre ellipse xPperimeter-equivalent diameter of
44、 particle xSsurface-equivalent diameter of particle xVvolume-equivalent diameter of particle angle or direction 1robustness 2largest concavity index 3concavity/robustness ratio number of erosions Wadells sphericity FPaverage concavity 4 Criteria for the evaluation of shape description methods A comm
45、on problem in shape description is how to judge the quality of a shape description method. Not all methods are suitable for every kind of shape and application. Until now, consistent evaluation criteria have not existed for shape description methods. Criteria for the evaluation of shape description
46、methods: accessibility, which describes how easy it is to compute a shape descriptor in terms of memory requirements and computation time; scope, which refers to the classes of shape that can be described by the method; uniqueness, which describes whether a one-to-one mapping relationship exists bet
47、ween shapes and shape descriptors; stability and sensitivity, which describe how sensitive a shape description is to “small” changes in shape. Each method shall use descriptors with a specific degree of complexity. In general, descriptors can be described as sets of numbers that are produced to desc
48、ribe a given shape. The shape may not be entirely reconstructable from these descriptors, but the descriptors for different shapes shall be sufficiently different to make it possible to discriminate between the shapes. Criteria for shape descriptors: invariance with respect to rotation and reflectio
49、n for a given shape, the values of the descriptors shall be the same irrespective of the orientation of the particle; invariance with respect to scale for a given shape, the values of the descriptors shall be the same irrespective of the size of the particle; independence if the elements of the descriptors are independent, some can be discarded without the need to recalculate the others; BS ISO 9276-6:2008ISO 9276-6:2008(E) 4 ISO 2008 All rights reserved economy it is desirable that t
