1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI Standards PublicationBS ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013Information technology Metadata Registries Interoperability and Bindings (MDR-IB)Part 1: Framework, common vocabulary, and common provisions for conformanc
2、eBS ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013 BRITISH STANDARDNational forewordThis British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to T e c h n i c a l C o m m i t t e e I S T / 4 0 , D a t a m a n a g e m e n t a n d i n t e r c h a n g e .A list
3、of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2013. Published by BSI Standards Li
4、mited 2013.ISBN 978 0 580 53640 3 ICS 35.040 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunityfrom legal obligations.This British Standard was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 January 2013.Amendments issued since publicationDate T e x t a f f
5、 e c t e dBS ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013Reference numberISO/IEC 20944-1:2013(E)ISO/IEC 2013INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC20944-1First edition2013-01-15Information technology Metadata Registries Interoperability and Bindings (MDR-IB) Part 1: Framework, common vocabulary, and common provisions for conformanc
6、e Technologies de linformation Interoprabilit et liaisons des registres de mtadonnes (MDR-IB) Partie 1: Cadre dapplications, vocabulaire commun et dispositions communes de conformit BS ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reserved. Unless o
7、therwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyr
8、ight office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reservedBS ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013(E) ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv
9、Introduction . v 1 Scope 1 1.1 General . 1 1.2 Overview of concepts . 2 2 Normative references 3 3 Terms and definitions . 4 3.1 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC Guide 2 . 4 3.2 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 . 8 3.3 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC JTC 1 Directives . 9 3.
10、4 Terms and definitions from ISO 704 9 3.5 Terms and definitions from ISO 1087-1 . 9 3.6 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 2382-1, fundamental terms . 10 3.7 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 2382-4, organization of data . 15 3.8 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 2382-5, representation of data .
11、21 3.9 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 2382-6, preparation and handling of data . 21 3.10 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 2382-7, computer programming . 24 3.11 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 2382-8, security 26 3.12 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 2382-9, data communications 33 3.13 Te
12、rms and definitions from ISO/IEC 2382-15, programming languages . 37 3.14 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 2382-17, databases 38 3.15 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 2382-18, distributed data processing 44 3.16 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC TR 10000-1 44 3.17 Terms and definitions from ISO
13、/IEC 11404 . 45 3.18 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 11179 . 46 3.19 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 13886 . 47 3.20 Terms and definitions from ISO/IEC 19501 . 49 3.21 Terms and definitions particular to this document . 49 3.22 Acronyms, initialisms, and abbreviations 71 4 Conformance . 72 4.1
14、 Conformance level 73 4.2 Profiles, derived standards, subset standards, superset standards, and extensions 73 4.3 Strictly conforming implementations 73 4.4 Conforming implementations 73 4.5 Conformance labels 74 5 Derived normative documents, profiles, extensions . 74 5.1 Derived normative documen
15、t (derived standard) 74 5.2 General principles of a profile 74 5.3 Extensions . 75 Annex A (informative) Using ISO/IEC 20944 as building blocks for metadata and data interchange 77 Annex B (informative) Rationale 80 Annex C (normative) Conformance labels . 84 Index of definitions . 85 BS ISO/IEC 209
16、44-1:2013ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013(E) iv ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC part
17、icipate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, government
18、al and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
19、 The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodi
20、es casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/IEC 20944-1 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, I
21、nformation technology, Subcommittee SC 32, Data management and interchange. ISO/IEC 20944 consists of the following parts, under the general title Information technology Metadata Registries Interoperability and Bindings (MDR-IB): Part 1: Framework, common vocabulary, and common provisions for confor
22、mance Part 2: Coding bindings Part 3: API bindings Part 4: Protocol bindings Part 5: Profiles BS ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013(E) ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reserved vIntroduction ISO/IEC 20944 provides the bindings and their interoperability for metadata registries, such as those specified
23、in ISO/IEC 11179. This part of ISO/IEC 20944 contains an overview, framework, common vocabulary, and common provisions for conformance for ISO/IEC 20944. In the context of increasing metadata and data interoperability harmonization, four methodologies have been employed to simplify the tasks and to
24、reduce risk. The first methodology employed is the treating of data (and metadata) interoperability as a series of layered technical specifications (e.g., standards), from application-independent layers to application-specific layer(s). The second methodology employed is the simplification of intero
25、perability specializations, also known as bindings. Rather than independently developing each separate method of representation and access codings, application programming interfaces (APIs), protocols, a common, harmonized approach is taken where each binding is derived in a consistent two-step proc
26、ess: Step #1 is choosing from the categories of coding, API, protocol (or combination), which themselves are derived from a common data model and navigation method. Step #2 is to derive the specific binding from its general binding, e.g., the XML coding binding (ISO/IEC 20944-2:2012, Clause 12) and
27、other (specific) coding bindings are derived from the generic coding binding (ISO/IEC 20944-2:2012, Clauses 1-10); the C API binding (ISO/IEC 20944-3:2012, Clause 11), the Java API binding (ISO/IEC 20944-3:2012, Clause 12), and the other API bindings are derived from the generic API binding (ISO/IEC
28、 20944-3:2012, Clauses 1-10). Because these bindings have a well-defined derivation, the bindings are harmonized, i.e., there is commonality in meaning and interpretation across the bindings. Thus, the complexity of adding and harmonizing a new (coding, API, protocol) binding is greatly simplified.
29、The third methodology employed is the use of rule-based bindings to simplify the normative wording of the standards. A rule-based binding is a binding that is specified by a general set of rules (in contrast to application-specific normative wording). For example, the XML coding binding is based upo
30、n a set of transformation rules (in contrast to specifying a specific DTD or XML schema). The fourth methodology involves the harmonization of bindings within a category. For example, the XML coding binding is intended to be harmonized with the ASN.1 coding binding; the C API binding is intended to
31、be harmonized with the Java API binding, etc. BS ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013BS ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013(E) ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reserved 1Information technology Metadata Registries Interoperability and Bindings (MDR-IB) Part 1: Framework, common vocabulary, and com
32、mon provisions for conformance 1 Scope 1.1 General ISO/IEC 20944 is a series of International Standards that describe codings, APIs, and protocols for interacting with an ISO/IEC 11179 metadata registry (MDR). This part of ISO/IEC 20944 provides the overview, framework, common vocabulary, and common
33、 provisions for conformance for ISO/IEC 20944. It addresses the following data interoperability features1: a common framework for variety control: harmonized concepts for conforming implementations and strictly conforming implementations; harmonized provisions, such as mandatory requirements2and opt
34、ional requirements3, and their consistent application across all bindings of ISO/IEC 20944; harmonized and consistent treatment of data elements with varying data obligation attributes (e.g., mandatory, conditional, optional, extended) and varying data longevity attributes (e.g., in-use, obsolete, r
35、eserved, etc.). This part of ISO/IEC 20944 also includes a rationale that guided its development. The rationale also discusses the harmonized use of profiles (e.g., subsets, supersets, changes, etc.) of the data structure and data elements. 1The concept of data interoperability applies to metadata w
36、hen metadata is treated as data, e.g., metadata item attributes (as specified by ISO/IEC 11179-3) that are transferred or exchanged. The concept of data interoperability is different from metadata interoperability (agreement upon the meaning of descriptive data), which is outside the scope of ISO/IE
37、C 20944. 2In the context of this part of ISO/IEC 20944, the term mandatory requirement is defined as in ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004, subclause 7.5.1: a requirement of a normative document that must necessarily be fulfilled in order to comply with that document. There is no implication that the aforemention
38、ed requirement is compulsory by law or regulation. This kind of mandatory requirement is also known as an exclusive requirement. 3ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004, subclause 7.5.2 defines the term optional requirement, which includes the following note: An optional requirement may be either: a) one of two or mo
39、re alternative requirements; or b) an additional requirement that must be fulfilled only if applicable and that may otherwise be disregarded. BS ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013ISO/IEC 20944-1:2013(E) 2 ISO/IEC 2013 All rights reserved1.2 Overview of concepts 1.2.1 Metadata vs. data Metadata is descriptive data
40、 about objects4. The essential characteristics of metadata include: it is descriptive data, and that it is descriptive about something. For example, if P is data and PQ represents the descriptive relationship such that P describes Q, then P is metadata about Q. If there is no relationship from P to
41、Q, then P is no longer metadata (i.e., P is merely data) because metadata is always relative to the object of description. Or stated differently, P only becomes metadata once its descriptive relationship to Q is established. Thus, it is impossible to determine, independent of context and relationshi
42、ps, that any piece of data is actually also metadata. The implications are: (1) because metadata is data, it can be exchanged like other data, but (2) to remain metadata, the exchange must include the associated context and relationships. ISO/IEC 20944 simply treats everything as data whether it is
43、used as metadata is outside the scope of ISO/IEC 20944. Although metadata is just data, ISO/IEC 20944 also provides reification5and navigation of these contexts and relationships that are particular to metadata (and atypical for common data sets). NOTE ISO/IEC 20944-5 provides a mapping and a profil
44、e such that ISO/IEC 20944 bindings may be used to interchange metadata contained in ISO/IEC 11179 metadata registries, e.g., an application may connect to, access, read, and use metadata from an ISO/IEC 11179 metadata registry. 1.2.2 Metadata and data interoperability The successful interchange of d
45、ata is dependent upon mutual agreement of interchange participants. Some key requirements for successful data interchange include (from lower implementation details to higher level abstractions): The syntax determines how data is coded (structured) and encoded (represented). Codings include specific
46、ations for organizing data structures (e.g., How are records represented? Is tagging embedded or implied?). Encodings include specifications for representation of datatypes (e.g., are numbers represented as a string of characters or a string of bits?). EXAMPLE 1 In XML, “the temperature is 17“ might
47、 be coded as a tagged element “17“ that is encoded as 15 UTF-8 characters, the encoding would be the ordering of the bits within the octet, e.g., little endian vs. big endian. EXAMPLE 2 In the programming language C, “the temperature is 17“ might be coded as a single binary octet uint8_t temp = 17;
48、, and encoded as a twos complement big-endian 16-bit integer. The semantics define the meaning of the data. Several kinds of descriptive techniques are possible, such as using ISO/IEC 11179-3 for describing data. Additional technical specifications, such as standards, may be used in conjunction with
49、 the ISO/IEC 11179-3 description of data. EXAMPLE 3 The statement “the temperature is 17“ might not be descriptive enough because (1) it does not convey units of measure, e.g., Celsius or Fahrenheit; and (2) it does not convey what is being measured, e.g., temperature sensor #289. Both these features are part of the semantic description that comprises an ISO/IEC 11179-3 Data Element. Application-specific behavior is determined by the context of the data. EXAMPLE 4 The statement “temperature is 17C at
