1、raising standards worldwideNO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAWBSI British StandardsWB9423_BSI_StandardColCov_noK_AW:BSI FRONT COVERS 5/9/08 12:55 Page 1PUBLISHED DOCUMENTCode of practice for pipelines Part 3: Steel pipelines on land Guide to the application of pipe
2、line risk assessment to proposed developments in the vicinity of major accident hazard pipelines containing flammables Supplement to PD 80101:2004PD 8010-3:2009This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard. See Foreword for further information.Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHI
3、NA STANDARDS, 12/05/2009 07:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD 8010-3:2009 PuBliSheD DocumenTPublishing and copyright informationThe BSi copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued. BSi 2008iSBn 978 0 580 61732 4icS 23.040.10, 75.200 The following BSi refere
4、nces relate to the work on this standard: committee reference PSe/17/2 Draft for comment 07/30138021 DcPublication historyFirst published December 2008Amendments issued since publicationDate Text affected Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 12/05/2009 07:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c)
5、 BSIPuBliSheD DocumenT BSI 2008 iPD 8010-3:2009ContentsForeword iiiintroduction 11 Scope 32 normative references 33 Abbreviations 34 Risk assessment of buried pipelines overview 45 Failure of hazardous gas or liquid pipelines 56 individual risk assessment 137 Societal risk assessment 158 Factors aff
6、ecting risk levels 19AnnexesAnnex A (informative) Summary of hSe methodology for provision of advice on planning developments in the vicinity of major accident hazard pipelines in the uK 28Annex B (informative) Failure frequencies for uK pipelines 33Annex c (informative) example of a site-specific r
7、isk assessment 47Bibliography 53List of figuresFigure 1 overview of PD 8010-3 2Figure 2 event tree for the failure of a hazardous pipeline 6Figure 3 Risk calculation flowchart for flammable substances 8Figure 4 calculation of pipeline length affecting an individual in the vicinity of a pipeline 14Fi
8、gure 5 Framework for the tolerability of individual risk 15Figure 6 Societal risk FN criterion line applicable to 1 km of pipeline 17Figure 7 Site-specific pipeline interaction distance 18Figure 8 Reduction in external interference total failure frequency due to design factor 22Figure 9 Reduction in
9、 external interference total failure frequency due to wall thickness 23Figure 10 Reduction in external interference total failure frequency due to depth of cover 24Figure 11 indicative reduction in external interference total failure frequency due to surveillance frequency (dependent on frequency an
10、d duration of unauthorized excavations) 24Figure A.1 Planning application process and need for site-specific risk assessment 30Figure B.1 Generic predicted pipeline failure frequencies for third-party interference 35Figure B.2 FFReQ predictions of total external interference failure frequency for uK
11、oPA pipe cases 39Figure B.3 FFReQ predictions of external interference rupture frequency for uKoPA pipe cases 40Figure B.4 FFReQ predictions for external interference rupture and leak frequencies for specific diameter and wall thickness cases (per 1 000 kmy) 41Figure c.1 Proposed development 47Figur
12、e c.2 Risk for outside exposure 50Figure c.3 Societal risk FN curves and PD 8010-3 FN criterion line proposed development before and after slabbing 50Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 12/05/2009 07:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD 8010-3:2009ii BSI 2008PuBliSheD DocumenTList of
13、tablesTable 1 Range of applicability of reduction factor for design factor, Rdf, and reduction factor due to wall thickness, Rwt23Table 2 Failure frequency reduction factors, Rp, for pipeline protection 25Table A.1 Typical (1 106) and (0.3 106) risk distances for ethylene, spiked crude and natural g
14、as liquids (nGls) 31Table B.1 Failure rates for uK pipelines based on uKoPA data 33Table B.2 Failure frequency due to external interference vs. diameter 34Table B.3 Failure frequency due to external interference vs. wall thickness 34Table B.4 comparison of external interference failure frequency est
15、imates for example 1 with FFReQ predictions 36Table B.5 comparison of external interference failure frequency estimates for example 2 with FFReQ predictions 37Table B.6 comparison of external interference failure frequency estimates for example 3 with FFReQ predictions 37Table B.7 uKoPA pipe cases 3
16、8Table B.8 FFReQ predictions for total external interference failure frequency for pipe cases defined in Table B.7 (per 1 000 kmy) 39Table B.9 FFReQ predictions for external interference rupture frequency for pipe cases defined in Table B.7 (per 1 000 kmy) 40Table B.10 FFReQ predictions for external
17、 interference rupture and leak frequencies for pipe cases defined in Table B.7 (per 1 000 kmy) 41Table B.11 comparison of external interference failure frequency estimates for example 5 with FFReQ predictions 43Table B.12 critical defect lengths and equivalent hole diameters for uKoPA pipeline cases
18、 operating at a design factor of 0.72 44Table B.13 Failure frequency due to external corrosion 44Table B.14 material and construction failure frequency vs. wall thickness 45Table B.15 Pipeline rupture failure frequency due to due to ground movement caused by natural landsliding 46Summary of pagesThi
19、s document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv, pages 1 to 56, an inside back cover and a back cover.Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 12/05/2009 07:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPuBliSheD DocumenT BSI 2008 iiiPD 8010-3:2009ForewordPublishing informatio
20、nThis part of PD 8010 was published by BSi and came into effect on 1 January 2009. it was prepared by Subcommittee PSe/17/2, Pipeline transportation systems, under the authority of Technical committee PSe/17, Materials and equipment for petroleum. A list of organizations represented on this committe
21、e can be obtained on request to its secretary.Relationship with other publicationsPD 8010-3 is a new part of the PD 8010 series, and should be read in conjunction with PD 8010-1. The series comprises:Part 1: Steel pipelines on land;Part 2: Subsea pipelines;Part 3: Steel pipelines on land Guide to th
22、e application of pipeline risk assessment to proposed developments in the vicinity of major accident hazard pipelines containing flammables Supplement to PD 80101:2004.Information about this documentThis part of PD 8010 includes worked examples and benchmark solutions that can be used as a basis for
23、 specific studies.Use of this documentAs a code of practice, this part of PD 8010 takes the form of guidance and recommendations. it should not be quoted as if it were a specification and particular care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not misleading.Any user claiming complia
24、nce with this part of PD 8010 is expected to be able to justify any course of action that deviates from its recommendations.As with any risk assessment, judgement has to be employed by the risk assessor at all stages of the assessment. This part of PD 8010 is intended to support the application of e
25、xpert judgement. The final responsibility for the risk assessment lies with the assessor, and it is essential that the assessor is able to justify every key assumption made in the assessment and that these assumptions are documented as part of the assessment.Presentational conventionsThe provisions
26、in this Published Document are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. its recommendations are expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliary verb is “should”.Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented in smaller italic type, and does not constitute a normative el
27、ement.Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 12/05/2009 07:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD 8010-3:2009iv BSI 2008PuBliSheD DocumenTContractual and legal considerationsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. users are responsible for i
28、ts correct application. Compliance with a Published Document cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.Attention is particularly drawn to the Pipelines Safety Regulations 1996 1 and to the requirements for risk assessments in uK health and safety legislation, in particular:the health and Safety
29、at Work etc Act 1974 2; the management of health consequence modelling; standard assumptions to be applied in the risk assessment methodology for land use planning zones;conducting site-specific risk assessments; risk reduction factors to be applied for mitigation methods; benchmark results for indi
30、vidual and societal risk levels. This part of PD 8010 provides guidance for the risk assessment of developments in the vicinity of major hazard pipelines containing flammable substances notified under the Pipelines Safety Regulations 1996 1. it does not cover toxic substances which are also notified
31、 under these Regulations. The guidance is specific to the calculation of safety risks posed to developments in the vicinity of uK major accident hazard pipelines, but the principles of the risk calculation are generally applicable. The use of such risk assessments to determine the acceptability of d
32、evelopments in accordance with land use planning applied in Great Britain is discussed in Annex A. The guidance does not cover environmental risks. An overview of the document content is given in Figure 1.The guidance in this part of PD 8010 is provided for the benefit of pipeline operators, local p
33、lanning authorities, developers and any person involved in the risk assessment of developments in the vicinity of existing major accident hazard pipelines. it is based on the established best practice methodology for pipeline risk assessment, and is intended to be applied by competent risk assessmen
34、t practitioners.For significant developments or infringements the pipeline operator might wish to carry out risk assessment using societal risk analysis for comparison with suitable risk criteria to allow the operator to assess whether the risks remain within acceptable limits. clause 7 describes th
35、e application of societal risk, and includes a recommended FN criterion line.Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 12/05/2009 07:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD 8010-3:20092 BSI 2008PuBliSheD DocumenTFigure 1 Overview of PD 8010-3ScopeSafety risks causedby flammablesubstances onlyC
36、lause 1Consequences:PredictionProbability ofignitionThermal radiationand effectsFailure of a gas or liquidpipelineEvent treePrediction of failurefrequency5.35.45.5Calculation ofrisk and riskcriteriaIndividualSocietalFactors affecting risk levelsFailure frequencyFailure frequency reductionfactorsImpl
37、ementation of risk mitigationmeasuresSupporting annexes:Summary of HSE methodology for theprovision of land use planning advice in thevicinity of UK MAHPsFailure frequencies for UK pipelinesExample of a site-specific risk assessmentClause 6Clause 7Annex AAnnex B Annex CClause 88.18.2, Annex B8.35.15
38、.2, 8.2Annex BRisk assessment of buriedpipelinesClause 4Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 12/05/2009 07:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPuBliSheD DocumenT BSI 2008 3PD 8010-3:20091 ScopeThis part of PD 8010 provides a recommended framework for carrying out an assessment of the acu
39、te safety risks associated with a major accident hazard pipeline (mAhP) containing flammable substances. it provides guidance on the selection of pipeline failure frequencies and the modelling of failure consequences for the prediction of individual and societal risks.The principles of this part of
40、PD 8010 are based on best practice for the quantified risk analysis of new pipelines and existing pipelines. it is not intended to replace or duplicate existing risk analysis methodology, but is intended to support the application of the methodology and provide recommendations for its use.This part
41、of PD 8010 is applicable to buried pipelines on land that can be used to carry category D and category e substances that are hazardous by nature, being flammable and therefore liable to cause harm to persons. The guidance does not cover environmental risks.2 Normative referencesThe following referen
42、ced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.PD 8010-1:2004, Code of practice for pipelines Part 1: Steel pipelines
43、on landiGe/TD/1 edition 4:2001, Steel pipelines for high pressure gas transmission1)3 AbbreviationsFor the purposes of this part of PD 8010, the following abbreviations apply.AlARP as low as reasonably practicableFFReQ methodology recommended by uKoPA for prediction of pipeline failure frequencies d
44、ue to external interferencehSe health and Safety executivelFG liquefied flammable gases, including liquefied petroleum gases (lPG), liquefied natural gas (lnG), and natural gas liquids (nGl)mAhP major accident hazard pipelinemAoP maximum allowable operating pressuremDoB minimum distance to occupied
45、buildingPoF probability of failureSmYS specified minimum yield strength1)institution of Gas engineers and managers (formerly institution of Gas engineers) (iGe) standards are available from the institution of Gas engineers and managers, charnwood Wing, holywell Park, Ashby Road, loughborough, leices
46、tershire le11 3Gh.Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, ISO/EXCHANGE CHINA STANDARDS, 12/05/2009 07:30, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD 8010-3:20094 BSI 2008PuBliSheD DocumenTTdu thermal dose unitsTS tensile strengthuKoPA united Kingdom onshore Pipeline operators AssociationVce vapour cloud explosion4 Risk assessme
47、nt of buried pipelines OverviewThe failure of a pipeline containing a flammable substance (which can be a gas, a liquid, a dense-phase supercritical fluid or a two- or three-phase fluid) has the potential to cause serious damage to the surrounding population, property and the environment. Failure ca
48、n occur due to a range of potential causes, including accidental damage, corrosion, fatigue and ground movement. The acute safety consequences of such a failure are primarily due to the thermal radiation from an ignited release, whether directly (from the main release) or indirectly (from secondary
49、fires).Quantified risk assessment applied to a pipeline involves the numerical estimation of risk by calculation resulting from the frequencies and consequences of a complete and representative set of credible accident scenarios.in general terms, a quantified risk assessment of a hazardous gas or liquid pipeline consists of the following stages:gathering data (pipeline and its location, meteorological a) conditions, physical properties of the sub
