1、 g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g40g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58Part 1: Guidance on selection and application of criteria for sampling under various conditionsICS
2、13.030.10; 13.030.20Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 15310-1:2006PD CEN/TR 15310-1:2006This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 29 December 2006 BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 49833 6Amendments is
3、sued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsThis publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.National forewordThis Published Document was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 15310-1:2006. Th
4、e UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee B/508, Waste management, to Subcommittee B/508/3, Characterization of waste.A list of organizations represented on B/508/3 can be obtained on request to its secretary.TECHNICAL REPORTRAPPORT TECHNIQUETECHNISCHER BERICHTCEN/TR
5、 15310-1November 2006ICS 13.030.10; 13.030.20English VersionCharacterization of waste - Sampling of waste materials - Part 1:Guidance on selection and application of criteria for samplingunder various conditionsCaractrisation des dchets - Prlvement des dchets -Partie 1 : Guide relatif au choix et la
6、pplication descritres dchantillonnage dans diverses conditionsCharakterisierung von Abfall - Probenahme - Teil 1:Richtlinien zur Auswahl und Anwendung von Kriterien frdie Probenahme unter verschiedenen BedingungenThis Technical Report was approved by CEN on 21 February 2006. It has been drawn up by
7、the Technical Committee CEN/TC 292.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slov
8、akia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide fo
9、r CEN national Members.Ref. No. CEN/TR 15310-1:2006: E2 Contents Foreword. 4 Introduction 5 1 Scope . 7 2 Terms and definitions. 7 3 Specify the objective of the Testing Programme 12 4 Develop the technical goals from the objective 13 4.1 General. 13 4.2 Define the population to be sampled 14 4.2.1
10、General. 14 4.2.2 Overall population 14 4.2.3 Population . 14 4.2.4 Sub-population 14 4.2.5 Examples . 15 4.3 Assess variability 16 4.3.1 General. 16 4.3.2 Spatial variability 16 4.3.3 Temporal variability 17 4.3.4 Random variability 17 4.4 Select the sampling approach. 17 4.4.1 General. 17 4.4.2 Pr
11、obabilistic sampling 18 4.4.3 Judgemental sampling. 18 4.5 Identify the scale. 18 4.6 Choose the required statistical parameter.19 4.7 Choose the desired reliability 20 4.7.1 General. 20 4.7.2 Precision and Confidence 20 4.7.3 Errors in the Testing Programme 20 5 Determine the Practical Instructions
12、 21 5.1 General. 21 5.2 Sampling pattern. 22 5.2.1 General. 22 5.2.2 Simple random sampling . 23 5.2.3 Stratified random sampling . 23 5.2.4 Systematic sampling 24 5.2.5 Judgemental sampling. 24 5.3 Determine the increment and sample size (mass / volume). 24 5.3.1 General. 24 5.3.2 Liquids . 25 5.3.
13、3 Powders and sludges. 25 5.3.4 Particulate / granular materials . 25 5.4 The use of composite versus individual samples. 26 5.5 Determine the required number of increments and samples. 26 6 Define the Sampling Plan. 27 Annex A The scale . 28 A.1 Scale. 28 A.2 Fundamental variability 32 Annex B Stat
14、istical methods for characterising a population 33 B.1 Terms and Definitions 33 CEN/TR 15310-1:20063 B.2 Probability distributions .35 B.3 Statistical parameters .37 Annex C Calculating the required numbers of increments and samples.43 C.1 Notation 43 C.2 Estimating a mean concentration43 C.3 Estima
15、ting a standard deviation 46 C.4 Estimating a percentile .47 C.5 Estimating a percentage compliance with a given limit48 Annex D Minimum increment and sample size (mass / volume).49 D.1 Estimation of increment and sample size.49 D.2 Determination of the number of increments and/or samples .51 D.3 Ca
16、lculation of the actual increment and/or sample size .51 Annex E Example sampling scenarios.53 E.1 Sampling scenarios.53 E.2 Example 1: Waste producer to carry out a basic characterisation on the concentration of Cr6+in a waste liquid during discharge to the on-site lagoon 57 E.3 Example 2: Waste pr
17、oducer to undertake a regular compliance testing programme to check conformance with data obtained from the basic characterisation.59 E.4 Example 3: Regulator to undertake an on-site verification of supernatant liquid in the hazardous waste lagoon.61 E.5 Example 4: Waste producer to carry out a basi
18、c characterisation on the concentration of Cr6+ in a waste liquid held in drum storage at the factory, for disposal purposes .63 E.6 Example 5: Waste producer to carry out a compliance testing of the Cr6+ concentration of waste liquid held in drums prior to disposal, against a permitted mean limit o
19、f 100 mg/l 65 E.7 Example 6: Carrier or Disposal company to carry out an on-site verification of drums containing Cr-contaminated liquid sludge prior to treatment 67 E.8 Example 7: Carrier or Disposal Company to carry out an on-site verification of the contents of tankers containing Cr6+ contaminate
20、d liquid sludge prior to treatment 68 E.9 Example 8: Treatment plant operator applying basic characterisation to identify variability of Cr6+ in a treated waste using a two-step leaching test at LS 2 and LS 870 E.10 Example 9: Treatment plant operator to perform compliance testing to determine wheth
21、er the treated hazardous waste complies with a limit determined on the basis of the basic characterisation, using a combined one-step leaching test at LS10 .72 E.11 Example 10: On-site verification74 E.12 Example 11: Compliance testing .74 E.13 Example 12: On-site verification74 E.14 Example 13: On-
22、site verification75 E.15 Example 14: Basic characterisation 75 Bibliography76 CEN/TR 15310-1:20064 Foreword This Technical Report (CEN/TR 15310-1:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 292 “Characterization of waste”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This Technical Report has
23、been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. This Technical Report is one of a series of five Technical Reports dealing with sampling techniques and procedures, and provides essential information and instructions for the application o
24、f the EN-standard: EN 14899 Characterisation of Waste - Sampling of waste materials - Framework for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan The principal component of the EN Standard is the mandatory requirement to prepare a Sampling Plan. This EN 14899 standard can be used to: produce st
25、andardised sampling plans for use in regular or routine circumstances (i.e. the elaboration of daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios); incorporate specific sampling requirements into national legislation; design and develop a Sampling Plan on a case by case basis. T
26、he Technical Reports display a range of potential approaches and tools to enable the project manager to tailor his sampling plan to a specific testing scenario (i.e. a shop shelf approach to sampling plan development for waste testing). This approach allows flexibility in the selection of the sampli
27、ng approach, sampling point, method of sampling and equipment used. This Technical Report describes the statistical principles related to sampling, and provides methods based on these principles enabling a testing programme to be defined that will produce results sufficiently reliable for the decisi
28、on-making process for which they are required. Wastes arise in a wide variety of types (e.g. pastes, liquids, granular materials, mixes of different materials) and sampling situations (e.g. during a waste production process, stockpiles, tanks, drums). There can also be a variety of sampling objectiv
29、es within each of the three broad categories (basic characterisation, compliance testing and on-site verification). Consequently the Report cannot provide definitive instructions for each and every case on the practical details of the testing programme, such as the required number of samples, the si
30、ze of these samples, and whether they should be spot or composite samples. Instead, its aim is to expose the factors that influence the choice of these detailed components of the sampling exercise, and to provide statistical tools that can then be applied to determine the most appropriate testing pr
31、ogramme for any given sampling scenario. CEN/TR 15310-1:20065 Introduction Wastes are materials, which the holder discards, or intends or is required to discard, and which may be sent for final disposal, reuse or recovery. Such materials are generally heterogeneous and it will be necessary therefore
32、 to specify in the testing programme the amount of material for which the characteristics of interest need to be defined. The testing of wastes allows informed decisions to be made on how they should be treated (or not), recovered or disposed of. In order to undertake valid tests, some sampling of t
33、he waste is required. The principal component of the standard EN 14899 is the mandatory requirement to prepare a Sampling Plan, within the framework of an overall testing programme as illustrated in Figure 1 of EN 14899:2005 and can be used to: produce standardised sampling plans for use in regular
34、or routine circumstances (elaboration of daughter/derived standards dedicated to well defined sampling scenarios); incorporate the specific sampling requirements of European and national legislation; design and develop a Sampling Plan for use on a case by case basis. The development of a Sampling Pl
35、an within this framework involves the progression through three steps or activities: 1) define the Sampling Plan; 2) take a field sample in accordance with the Sampling Plan; 3) transport the laboratory sample to the laboratory. This Technical Report provides information to support Key Step 1 of the
36、 Sampling Plan process map and describes the selection of sampling approach that can be used in the recovery of a sample for a wide variety of waste types and arisings. Specifically this Technical Report provides information to support 4.2.7 (Select sampling approach) of the Framework Standard. Due
37、consideration and selection of statistical criteria is of key importance in the production of a Sampling Plan as it provides the sole means of ensuring that, wherever possible, the type and number of samples taken will address a clearly identified objective and will provide results that achieve a to
38、lerable level of reliability. CEN/TR 15310-1:20066 Table 1 - Main statistical steps in defining a sampling plan for a testing programme Step Subject Specify the objective of the Testing Programme 1 Specify the objective of the Testing Programme Develop the Technical Goals from the objective 2 Define
39、 the population to be sampled 3 Assess variability 4 Select the sampling approach 5 Identify the scale 6 Choose the required statistical approach 7 Choose the desired reliability Determine the practical instructions 8 Choose the sampling pattern 9 Determine the increment/ sample size 10 Determine th
40、e use of composite or individual samples 11 Determine required number of samples Define the Sampling Plan 12 Define the Sampling Plan To illustrate the application of these principles, a series of 14 examples of sampling scenarios for a single waste stream are provided in Annex E. This Technical Rep
41、ort should be read in conjunction with the Framework Standard for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan as well as the other Technical Reports that contain essential information to support the Framework Standard. The full series comprises: EN 14899 Characterization of waste - Sampling o
42、f waste materials - Framework for the preparation and application of a Sampling Plan; CEN/TR 15310-1, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 1: Guidance on selection and application of criteria for sampling under various conditions; CEN/TR 15310-2, Characterization of waste Sampl
43、ing of waste materials Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques; CEN/TR 15310-3, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 3: Guidance on procedures for sub-sampling in the field; CEN/TR 15310-4, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 4: Guidance on procedures for
44、 sample packaging, storage, preservation, transport and delivery; CEN/TR 15310-5, Characterization of waste Sampling of waste materials Part 5: Guidance on the process of defining the Sampling Plan. The Technical Reports contain procedural options (as detailed in Figure 2 of EN 14899:2005) that can
45、be selected to match the sampling requirements of any testing programme. CEN/TR 15310-1:20067 1 Scope This Technical Report discusses the statistical principles of sampling, and provides a number of statistical tools to assist in the design of testing programmes for application to sampling under var
46、ious conditions. NOTE 1 Given the great variety of waste types, sampling situations and objectives, this Technical Report cannot provide definitive instructions that cover all scenarios. Instead, it discusses the basic statistical approach to be followed, and provides statistical tools that can be a
47、pplied to determine the amount and type of sampling (e.g. number of samples and sample size) in any given situation to achieve results of adequate reliability (i.e. precision and confidence). NOTE 2 The document provides considerable detail on current best practice, but is not exhaustive. NOTE 3 To
48、clarify the text, the document provides a number of worked examples. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this Technical Report, we have used or adapted the definitions of ISO 3534 Parts 1, 2 and 3 wherever possible. In a minority of cases, however, those definitions are couched in technical
49、statistical language, which is likely to be unhelpful to the intended readership. In these instances we have either supplemented the formal definition with an additional note, or provided an alternative simpler definition. NOTE In order to keep the list of definitions as compact as possible, some terms that are used only occasionally in the main text have been omitted. B.1 provides an additional list of definitions that are specifically relevant to the various annexes. 2.1 analytical erro
