1、PUBLISHED DOCUMENTPD CEN/TR 15449:2006Geographic information Standards, specifications, technical reports and guidelines, required to implement Spatial Data InfrastructureICS 07.040; 35.240.70g49g50g3g38g50g51g60g44g49g42g3g58g44g55g43g50g56g55g3g37g54g44g3g51g40g53g48g44g54g54g44g50g49g3g40g59g38g4
2、0g51g55g3g36g54g3g51g40g53g48g44g55g55g40g39g3g37g60g3g38g50g51g60g53g44g42g43g55g3g47g36g58Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Feb 07 02:42:25 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSIPD CEN/TR 15449:2006This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Co
3、mmittee on 30 November 2006 BSI 2006ISBN 0 580 49490 XNational forewordThis Published Document was published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of CEN/TR 15449:2006.The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee IST/36, Geographic information.A list of organizations re
4、presented on IST/36 can be obtained on request to its secretary.This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. Amendments issued since publicationAmd. No. Date CommentsLicensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Feb 07
5、 02:42:25 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSITECHNICAL REPORTRAPPORT TECHNIQUETECHNISCHER BERICHTCEN/TR 15449August 2006ICS 07.040; 35.240.70English VersionGeographic information - Standards, specifications, technicalreports and guidelines, required to implement Spatial DataInfrastructureInfo
6、rmation gographique - Normes, spcifications,rapports techniques et lignes directrices, ncessaires lamise en oeuvre dune infrastructure dinformation spatialeGeoinformation - Normen, Spezifikationen, technischeBerichte und Leitfden zur Einfhrung vonGeodateninfrastrukturenThis Technical Report was appr
7、oved by CEN on 24 June 2006. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 287.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta
8、, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2006 CEN All rights of exploitat
9、ion in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. CEN/TR 15449:2006: ELicensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Feb 07 02:42:25 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI2 Contents Page FOREWORD 4 INTRODUCTION 5 1 SCOPE. 9 2 CONSIDERED STANDARDISATION INITIATIVES9 3 TERMS A
10、ND DEFINITIONS . 10 4 ABBREVIATED TERMS 11 5 SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE AS AN IMPLEMENTATION-NEUTRAL FRAMEWORK . 13 5.1 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY . 13 5.2 STANDARDS AND INTEROPERABILITY 13 5.3 GENERIC ARCHITECTURE MODEL. 14 5.4 DATA-CENTRIC VS SERVICE-CENTRIC 15 5.5 SDI AS A DYNAMIC FRAMEWORK 15 6 DATA-CE
11、NTRIC VIEW ON SDI. 16 6.1 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY . 16 6.2 DEVELOPMENT 17 6.2.1 The model-driven approach 17 6.2.2 Semantics 18 6.2.3 Application schema. 18 6.2.4 Conceptual schema language . 19 6.2.5 Encoding. 20 6.2.6 Relevant standards 20 6.3 DATA MANAGEMENT . 21 6.3.1 Metadata. 21 6.3.2 Accessing dat
12、a 22 6.3.3 Legacy datasets. 22 6.3.4 Consistent identification of geographical items 22 6.3.5 Thematic identifiers 24 7 SERVICE-CENTRIC VIEW ON SDI 24 7.1 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY . 24 7.2 REGISTRIES AS THE SDI GLUE . 24 7.3 PUBLISH, FIND AND USE RESOURCES 25 7.3.1 General . 25 7.3.2 Publishing geo-resour
13、ces . 26 7.3.3 Finding geo-resources 26 7.3.4 Using geo-resources . 26 7.4 INTEROPERABILITY 26 7.4.1 General . 26 7.4.2 Explaining the concept 27 7.4.3 Different types of interoperability. 27 7.5 SERVICE TAXONOMY . 27 7.6 SERVICE ARCHITECTURE . 28 7.6.1 Introduction 28 7.6.2 Web services . 28 7.6.3
14、Services that do not apply Web Service Architecture . 29 7.6.4 When to apply WSA 29 7.6.5 Other technologies 30 CEN/TR 15449:2006Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Feb 07 02:42:25 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI3 7.6.6 UDDI or ebXML?30 7.7 SERVICE CATALOGUE.30 7.8 SERVICE CHAINING 31 8 REFE
15、RENCE MODEL FOR A SDI .32 8.1 INTRODUCTION 32 8.2 VIEWPOINTS AND LEVELS OF ABSTRACTIONS.33 8.3 FRAMEWORK STANDARDS36 8.3.1 General36 8.3.2 Other geoprocessing services36 8.4 SPATIAL DATA .36 8.4.1 General36 8.4.2 Features.37 8.4.3 Coverages40 8.5 METADATA AND CATALOGUE SERVICES 42 8.5.1 Overview .42
16、 8.5.2 Abstract models.43 8.5.3 Implementation Specifications 44 8.5.4 Service metadata and registries 44 8.6 PORTRAYAL SERVICES .44 8.6.1 Overview .44 8.6.2 Abstract models.45 8.6.3 Implementation Specifications 45 8.7 GEOSPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEMS 46 8.7.1 General46 8.7.2 Abstract models.46 8.7.3 I
17、mplementation specifications.47 8.7.4 Related services.48 9 MULTI-LINGUAL AND CULTURAL ADAPTABILITY.49 9.1 INTRODUCTION 49 9.2 MULTILINGUAL RESOURCE DISCOVERY .51 9.3 MULTILINGUAL EVALUATION OF RESOURCES 52 9.4 MULTILINGUAL ACCESS AND PROCESSING OF RESOURCES.52 9.5 CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC ADAPTABILI
18、TY IN THE COMMON UNDERSTANDING OF STANDARDS53 10 GEO-PORTALS53 11 IMPLEMENTATION STEERING MECHANISMS 55 11.1 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN.55 11.2 MONITORING .55 11.3 CONFORMANCE AND CONFORMANCE TESTING.56 11.3.1 General56 11.3.2 EN ISO 19105 .56 11.3.3 Open Geospatial Consortium57 11.3.4 Requirements for con
19、formance testing57 12 REQUIREMENTS NOT CURRENTLY COVERED SUFFICIENTLY BY GI STANDARDS .58 ANNEX A DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCED ISO STANDARDS, EN ISO STANDARDS, ISO PROJECTS AND OGC SPECIFICATIONS .60 ANNEX B CROSS-REFERENCE OF CEN/TC 287 AND ISO/TC 211 STANDARDS AND REPORTS TO SDI TOPICS75 ANNEX C OPEN
20、 GEOSPATIAL CONSORTIUM.79 BIBLIOGRAPHY .81 CEN/TR 15449:2006Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Feb 07 02:42:25 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI4 Foreword This Technical Report (CEN/TR 15449:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 287 “Geographic information”, the secretariat of
21、 which is held by NEN. CEN/TR 15449:2006Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Feb 07 02:42:25 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI5 Introduction Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) The proposal of the European Commission for a Directive establishing a spatial data infrastructure for Europe (INSPIRE
22、) (European Commission 2004) defines a SDI as the metadata, spatial data sets and spatial data services; network services and technologies; agreements on sharing, access and use; and coordination and monitoring mechanisms, processes and procedures, established, operated or made available in an inter
23、operable manner. This Technical Report focuses on the technical aspects of a SDI, thereby limiting the term SDI to mean a platform- and implementation-neutral technological infrastructure for geospatial data and services, based upon standards and specifications. This report does not consider a SDI a
24、s a carefully designed and dedicated information system; rather, it is viewed as a collaborative framework of disparate information systems that contain resources that stakeholders desire to share. The common denominator of SDI resources, which can be data or services, is their spatial nature. It is
25、 understood that the framework is in constant evolution, and that therefore the requirements for standards and specifications supporting SDI implementations evolve. Intended readership The intended readership of this report are those people who are responsible for creating frameworks for SDI, expert
26、s contributing to INSPIRE, experts in information and communication technologies and e-government that have to familiarize themselves with geographic information and SDI concepts, and standards developers and writers. Aim of the report The aims of this report are three-fold: to identify the standard
27、s, specifications, technical reports and guidelines, required to implement a SDI in Europe; to give recommendations as to whether any of these items should become EN, and to propose a roadmap for future work items; to provide recommendations for measures to be taken in order to support implementatio
28、n and maintenance of a SDI. Structure of the report Existing material about SDIs abounds. This report structures and refers to this existing material. The criteria used for determining if a given standard or specification is referred to in this report are: the publication is non- proprietary of natu
29、re, and the publication addresses an aspect of the SDI. Based on the above considerations, and based on discussion within CEN/TC 287 Working Group SDI, the following reports have been taken into account: documents produced by ISO/TC 211 (ISO/TC 211, 2005); CEN/TR 15449:2006Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, n
30、a, Wed Feb 07 02:42:25 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI6 documents produced by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), including the OpenGIS Reference Model (ORM) (OGC, 2003); INSPIRE Architecture and Standards Position Paper (Smits, 2002); Geospatial Interoperability Reference Model (GIRM)
31、(Evans, 2003); internal report of CEN/TC 287/WG5 Spatial Data Infrastructure on the use of standards in SDI projects (August 2004); existing national guidelines based on the (EN) ISO 19100 series of standards. Clauses 1 to 5 are introductory of nature, with the first four focusing on the scope, the
32、considered standardization initiatives, the terms and definitions, and the symbols and abbreviated terms, respectively. Clause 5 explains what a SDI is. The subsequent clauses cover the main concerns of a SDI in Europe. Clauses 6 and 7 give a data-centric and a service-centric view on SDI. The data-
33、 and service-centric views are brought together in the Reference Model for a SDI (Clause 8). Clause 9 addresses concerns related to multi-lingual and cultural adaptability, followed by a clause dedicated to geo-portals (Clause 10). Clause 11 provides considerations that are relevant for the implemen
34、tation of SDI. Clause 12 identifies SDI aspects currently not covered by standards. Management summary In order for standards and specifications to be useful for implementing a SDI in Europe, it needs to be straightforward to identify which standards are relevant in a particular situation, and the i
35、nterpretation of standards should be unambiguous. This Technical Report provides a framework for the identification of standards, and gives a number of recommendations with the aim to enhance interoperability between information systems that provide data and services in support of a SDI. The followi
36、ng paragraphs summarize the recommendations of this Technical Report. Recommended standards and documents Standards and documents that are recommended for use within SDIs in Europe appear underlined in the Reference Model (Clause 8). Standards that are not underlined are standards that are used or c
37、ould be very useful in some communities, but are not considered as a main component in a European SDI. This Technical Report encourages the geographic information software industry to support standards for the creation and management of geographic information and to implement appropriate interface s
38、pecifications in their products. At the same token, it is recommended that relevant standards be used in public procurement, and that any findings related to the implementation of standards are fed back to the relevant standardization bodies. Registries For the realisation of SDI in Europe, it is re
39、commended to establish one or more registration authorities. A SDI needs, like any other distributed information system, a reference frame. A reference frame is the aggregation of the data needed by different components of the information systems. In a SDI context, the reference frame concerns: the
40、units of measures; the coordinate reference systems; the codelist definitions; the feature data dictionaries (see ISO 19126); CEN/TR 15449:2006Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Feb 07 02:42:25 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI7 the feature catalogues (see ISO 19110); the portrayal catalogues
41、 and related symbology registers. It is recommended that registries are established for the above-listed information elements and geographical items, and for: cultural and linguistic adaptability of metadata elements; European common data models; national data which are of interest in a cross border
42、 community or in a multilingual community. Appropriate standards for registries for information elements and geographical items would need to be identified or developed. Registries should be conformant to ISO 19135, Geographic information Procedures for registration of geographic information items.
43、In order to enable the cultural and linguistic adaptability (CLA) of metadata and common data models, it is recommended to use unique names and codes for the information elements and the geographical items (e.g. feature type). A number of practical suggestions related to CLA are given in Clause 9. D
44、ata The model-driven approach is promoted for ESDI. Unique identifiers for use in a European SDI should be composed of a namespace and a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID). ISO 19109 and referred standards are promoted as ESDI rules for specifying data structures and semantics. UML class diagrams
45、used according to ISO/TS 19103 is promoted as an ESDI conceptual schema language. ISO 19136 (GML) is promoted as the ESDI encoding method when transferring geographic data. ISO 19139 is promoted as the ESDI encoding method when transferring information related to geographic data such as metadata, fe
46、ature catalogues, data dictionaries, Services This Technical Report recommends that all services be categorized according to the ISO 19119 taxonomy. This Technical Report recommends applying the Web Service Architecture (WSA), including WSDL, SOAP, UDDI and XML when the following issues are consider
47、ed to be important: components of information systems run on different platforms; the system consists of components from different vendors; the service is to be published and available on the internet; wrapping of existing services where these are exposed as web services; make existing services avai
48、lable for other applications on other platforms. It is inappropriate to apply WSA when transferring large datasets. CEN/TR 15449:2006Licensed Copy: Wang Bin, na, Wed Feb 07 02:42:25 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI8 Conceptual Schema Languages This Technical Report encourages the use of UM
49、L. If an information community applies a Conceptual Schema Language other than UML, it is the responsibility of that information community to map the ISO general feature model to the meta-model of the Conceptual Schema Language of choice, and to maintain the mapping rules, following the ISO/TS 19103 conformance statement: Non-UML schemas shall be considered conformant if there is a well-defined mapping from a model in the source language into an equivalent model in UML and that this model in UML is conformant.
